Preparation and photocatalytic activity of Ag/bamboo-type TiO2 nanotube composite electrodes for methylene blue degradation

Photocatalysis phenomena in TiO₂ have been intensively investigated for its potential application in environmental remediation. The present work reports improved photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye in aqueous solution by using bamboo-type TiO₂ nanotubes deposited with Ag nanoparticles via electrochemical deposition. The photocatalytic processes are performed on Ag-modified TiO₂ bamboo-type nanotube arrays, Ag-modified smooth-walled nanotube arrays, and bare smooth-walled nanotube arrays. Both Ag-modified bamboo-type and smooth-walled nanotube arrays show improved photocatalytic degradation efficiencies (64.4% and 52.6%) compared to smooth-walled TiO₂ nanotubes of the same length (44.4%), due to the enhanced electron–hole seperation and more surface area provided by bamboo ridges. The photocatalytic activity and kinetic behavior of Ag-modified bamboo-type nanotube arrays are also optmized by tuning pulse deposition time of Ag nanoparticles. Bamboo-type nanotubes deposited with Ag nanoparticles via pulse deposition time of 0.5 s/1.5 s shows the highest methylene blue degradation efficiency of 78.5%, which represents 21.9% and 76.8% enhancement of efficiency compared to those of bare bamboo-type and smooth-walled nanotubes, respectively, indicating that a proper amount of Ag nanoparticles on TiO₂ can maximize the photocatalytic processes. In addition, overly long pulse deposition time will not further increase photocatalytic activity due to agglomeration of Ag paticles. For example, when the pulse deposition time is increased to 2 s/6 s, Ag-modified bamboo-type nanotube array exhibits a lower photocatalytic degradation efficiency of 62.9%.