自动驾驶汽车中乘员在不同座椅朝向下的损伤风险及规避策略

在高度自动化车辆（Highly Automated Vehicle，HAV）中，由于不再需要驾驶人，乘客之间可以实现面对面的交流，这给车辆座椅的布置提供了更大的灵活性。为提高HAV的碰撞安全性，提出使用旋转座椅来改变人体朝向与碰撞方向相对位置的规避策略，其基本思路是在碰撞发生前通过主动改变座椅朝向来降低乘员损伤。首先，利用尸体试验数据对所建立的碰撞模型进行验证；然后，基于4种不同的座椅朝向，利用THUMS^TM人体模型进行初始速度为56 km·h^-1的正面碰撞模拟试验，以确定相对安全的座椅朝向位置；最后，预测座椅旋转过程本身以及旋转至某位置后发生碰撞的乘员损伤风险。在静态正面碰撞中，选择0°、90°、135°和180°四种不同的座椅朝向进行乘员损伤预测和比较，结果表明180°朝向时的乘员损伤风险最小。在此基础上，模拟了200 ms内将座椅旋转±45°和±90°，以及分别在0 ms和100 ms时间延迟后引入碰撞的试验过程。研究结果表明：200 ms能够将乘员旋转±45°和±90°而不引起额外的人体损伤，并且在无时间延迟时，旋转至背对碰撞方向的乘员损伤，比正面碰撞中0°、90°和135°座椅朝向的乘员损伤更低，证明了该损伤风险规避策略的有效性。

Injury Risk and Evasion Strategy of Occupants in Different Seating Orientations in Autonomous Vehicles

In a highly automated vehicle (HAV), face-to-face communication between passengers is achieved because the driver is no longer needed, which provides greater flexibility in the configuration of the vehicle seat. This paper presents an evasive strategy using a rotating seat to change the relative position of human orientation and impact direction to improve the safety of HAV collisions. The basic idea is to reduce occupant injury by actively changing the seat orientation before a collision occurs. The study consists of three parts. First, the impact model with THUMS^TM was validated using PMHS data. Second, based on four preferred seat orientations, static frontal impact simulations with an initial speed of 56 km·h^-1 were conducted using THUMS^TM human model to determine the relatively safe seat orientation. Finally, the injury risk of occupant from the impact after the rotating seat to this position was predicted. In the static frontal collision, four different seat orientations of 0°, 90°, 135° and 180° were selected for occupant injury prediction and comparison, and the results show that the occupant injury risk in the 180° orientation was minimal. On this basis, the experiment was carried out by simulating the seat rotation by ±45° and ±90° in 200 ms and introducing a collision after a time delay of 0 ms and 100 ms, respectively. Studies show that 200 ms is enough to rotate the occupant by ±45° and ±90° without introducing additional injuries, and injury risk in the rear-facing impacting after rotation without time delay is lower than that of 0°, 90° and 135° seating orientations, demonstrating the effectiveness of this evasive strategy.