“特别权力关系”理论与中国的行政立法——以《行政诉讼法》、《国家公务员法》为例

起源于19世纪德国的“特别权力关系”理论在我国的行政法学界还非常陌生。从行政法学史的视野,研究这一理论无疑仍有意义,但如果将这种理论视作与我国当今的行政立法,特别是《行政诉讼法》和《公务员法》有联系,甚至是这些行政立法的基础,那绝对是部分学者的误会。当今中国的行政立法与这一理论没有关系,这才是它与中国行政立法之间真正的“关系”。奉行“依法治国”的中国已与形成这一理论时的德国背景大不相同,中国已无必要引进这一“过时”的理论。《行政诉讼法》和《公务员法》的修改方向也与“特别权力关系”理论没有联系,有关修改中的棘手问题完全可以在我国现行的行政法制中绕开“特别权力关系”理论而得到解决。文章最后对《行政诉讼法》和《公务员法》的修改方向提出了自己的想法。

"Special Power Relation" Theory and Chinese Administrative Legislation

In the 19th century, the concept of "Special Power Relationship" first appeared in Germany. Although this concept was a new idea for Chinese legal field, some of the Chinese academics link this concept with or regard it as one of the basic elements of the administrative legislation, especially for the legislation of Administrative Litigation Law and Civil Servant Law. Such belief is misunderstanding. In fact, "Special Power Relationship" has no relation with any China's administrative legislation. Under the concept of "Ruling the State According to Law", the legal development of China at the present time is very different from the one of Germany in 19th century. Thus, by applying the existing principles of administrative law, the amendment of Administrative Litigation Law and Civil Servant Law does not need to adopt the concept of "Special Power Relationship". In addition, this article also suggests a way to amend the Administrative Litigation Law and Civil Servant Law and the consequence of the amendment.