农村承包地三权分置制度入典研究

《农村土地承包法修正案》将“三权分置”政策内容上升为法律规定,确立承包地三权分置制度。对解决承包地流转闭锁抵押难行等问题意义重大。却因将承包经营权本集体经济组织内封闭流转以法律固化,新设土地经营权性质不清、类型混合、流转不济,无益承包地债权性与物权性并可市场化开放性流转之“三权分置”目标实现。受其影响,《民法典分编(草案)》亦存同样问题。亟待农村承包地三权分置制度进一步入典完善。在实地调研基础上,遵循《民法总则》落实集体土地所有权前提下,于《民法典分编(草案)》完善中,基于英美地产权客体权益分离理论与大陆法系二次权能分离理论具兼创债权性与物权性经营权功能的地权二次分离理论,在保持土地承包经营权规定不变上,从其客体权益中分离出二元化土地经营权,并分别于合同编增设农地租赁经营合同具体规范债权性经营权、于物权编构造“农用地使用权”科学规范物权性经营权。以利能以债权性经营权顺农地灵活经营实践、物权性经营权应农地抵押及长期经营所需的二元化路径,促现行承包经营权本集体经济组织内封闭流转向派生出的土地经营权市场化开放性流转发展,以实现农村承包地三权分置制度入典达成“三权分置”、“放活土地经营权”之政策目标。

Research into the System of Division of Three Rights of Contracted Land in the Chinese Countryside in the Codification of Civil Law

The content of policy about“division of three rights”has been increased to the law and the system of division of three rights of contracted land has been established in Amendment to Rural Land Contract Law and it makes a big difference to solve the problems in the current system of rural land rights,such as transfer latch,difficult mortgage and so on.But it isn’t conducive to realize the reform goal of“division of three rights”to promote contracted land to creditor’s right and real right transfer and the market-oriented and open transfer because the closed transfer of contracted management rights of land within the collective economic organization has been immobilized by the law and the newly established land management right is that nature is ambiguous and type is commixture and transfer is invalid.There are the same problems as them in parts of Civil Code(draft)by its revised influence.So the system of division of three rights of contracted land in the Chinese countryside is urgent to be furtherly compiled into Civil Law to be perfected.This study is based on field research and its theory basis is based on the theory of secondary separation of land rights based on the theory of separation of rights and interests of the object of Anglo-American estate and from the theory of separation of the second powers and functions in the civil law system,which has the function to create creditor’s rights from the management rights and property rights from the management rights.The legal regulations of the structure of rural land rights is to stabilize farmer’s land contracted management right and derived the dualization of the land management rights from the interests of it’s object furtherly in the process of perfecting parts of Civil Code(draft)in premise of following“the General Provisions of Civil Law”to carry out collective land ownership regulation,and respectively give specific specification of creditor’s rights from the management rights by adding provisions of farmland lease-managing contract in contract part of Civil Code and give norms of science of the property rights from the management rights by structuring it as“farmland use right”in real right part of Civil Code.Equally,the binary route which the creditor’s rights from the management rights conform to the practice of rural land’s flexible operation and the property rights from the management rights are needed for rural land’s mortgage and long-term operation,promotes the development from the closed transfer of current contracted management rights of land within the collective economic organization to the market-oriented and open transfer in separated management rights of land,to achieve the system of division of three rights of contracted land in the Chinese countryside to be compiled into Civil Law in order to reach the purpose of policy to confirm and ensure and improve the“division of three rights”and“liberalizing the land management right”.