论第三人替代履行费用请求权——从基本权利的“双重功能”看《民法典》第581条

为了落实对于公民财产权的国家保护义务,给债权人提供及时、充分和更加人性化的违约救济,并避免对于债务人的人身自由施加不合比例的限制,《民法典》第581条确立了一种兼具强制履行和金钱赔偿特征且较接近于回复原状理想的“违约救济”:第三人替代履行费用请求权。对于此种请求权,在债务人负担的义务为“不作为”或者“给与的给付”时,即使债务不得强制履行,债权人通常也不得主张。只有在债务人负担的是种类行为之债或“种类行为因素”占据重要地位的“混合给付”,且债务的履行不依赖其他债务人的信赖、与其他债务人的长期协作、磨合,以及替代履行无需债务人、其他债务人及其履行辅助人的协助时,债权人才可以主张。债权人主张第三人替代履行费用请求权,无需以其自己或者第三人实际进行了替代履行为要件,更无需等待进入强制执行程序。此外,除了第三人替代履行费用远高于金钱赔偿的数额以外,债权人既可以主张第三人替代履行费用请求权,也可以主张金钱赔偿,二者构成请求权竞合。

On the Claim for Cost of Substitutional Performance——On Article 581 of Chinese Civil Code from Respect of Dual Function of Basic Rights

To assume the state's responsibility for protecting the creditor's property right,provide him or her with timely,adequate and humane relief and avoid imposing disproportionate restrictions on the debtor's personal freedom,Article 581 of Chinese Civil Code stipulates a kind of remedy combining specific performance with damages which inclines to restitution:substitutional performance.When the debtor's obligation is inaction or transference,even if it cannot be compulsorily performed,the creditor cannot claim substitutional performance.Only when the debtor's obligation is action and it's performance does not rely on the trust of other debtors and long-term cooperation with other debtors,or it's impossible for substitutional performance without the assistance of the debtor,other debtors and their assistants.Neither is it necessary for the creditor claims cost of substitutional performance that the obligation has been performed,nor the creditor should claim it during enforcement procedure.In addition,except that the cost of substitutional performance is disproportionately higher than the damage,the creditor can either claim the cost of substitutional performance or damage.