顺德水道土壤及沉积物中重金属分布及潜在生态风险评价

水源地周边土壤及河道沉积物的环境质量状况极大程度影响着河流饮用水安全.为调查顺德水道水源地重金属空间分布特征及其污染来源,本研究采集了顺德水道周边表层土壤及其主要支流入河口沉积物,并测定各样品中Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu、Ni、Cr等6种重金属浓度,最后基于两种潜在生态风险评价方法对其生态风险进行评价.结果发现,顺德水道表层土壤中Zn、Cr、Pb、Cu、Ni和Cd平均含量分别为186.80、65.88、54.56、32.47、22.65和0.86 mg·kg~(-1),除Cu、Ni外其它重金属均超过顺德土壤背景值;8个主要支流入河口间表层沉积物中6种重金属元素平均含量依次为:Zn(312.11 mg·kg~(-1))Cr(111.41mg·kg~(-1))Pb(97.87 mg·kg~(-1))Cu(92.32 mg·kg~(-1))Ni(29.89 mg·kg~(-1))Cd(1.72 mg·kg~(-1)),除Ni之外其余均高于顺德土壤背景值.主成分分析结果发现表层土壤中Cr、Ni含量主要受自然母质影响,Zn、Pb、Cu和Cd主要来源于该地区制造业的废水排放;沉积物中6种重金属均来源于外源输入,受顺德水道周边的工业活动影响.基于环境生物可利用态的潜在生态风险评价结果发现顺德水道周边表层土壤中Cd呈现轻微的潜在生态危害,而入河口沉积物中Cd呈现中度的潜在生态危害,土壤和沉积物中Zn、Pb、Cu和Ni的潜在生态危害程度均表现为轻微.由于基于环境生物可利用态的潜在生态风险评价充分考虑了土壤理化性质及重金属形态,其结果低于Hakanson潜在生态风险评价结果,可避免对重金属的潜在危害程度的高估.

Spatial Distribution and Potential Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soils and Sediments in Shunde Waterway, Southern China

Environmental quality of soils and sediments around water source area can influence the safety of potable water of rivers. In order to study the pollution characteristics, the sources and ecological risks of heavy metals Zn, Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni and Cd in water source area, surface soils around the waterway and sediments in the estuary of main tributaries were collected in Shunde, and ecological risks of heavy metals were assessed by two methods of potential ecological risk assessment. The mean contents of Zn, Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni and Cd in the surface soils were 186.80, 65.88, 54.56, 32.47, 22.65 and 0.86 mg·kg^-1 respectively, and they were higher than their soil background values except those of Cu and Ni. The mean concentrations of Zn, Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni and Cd in the sediments were 312.11, 111.41, 97.87, 92.32, 29.89 and 1.72 mg·kg^-1 respectively, and they were higher than their soil background values except that of Ni. The results of principal component analysis illustrated that the main source of Cr and Ni in soils was soil parent materials, and Zn, Pb, Cu and Cd in soils mainly came from wastewater discharge of local manufacturing industry. The six heavy metals in sediments mainly originated from industry emissions around the Shunde waterway. The results of potential ecological risk assessment integrating environmental bioavailability of heavy metals showed that Zn, Cu, Pb and Ni had a slight potential ecological risk. Cd had a slight potential ecological risk in surface soils, but a moderate potential ecological risk in surfaces sediments. Because the potential ecological risk assessment integrating environmental bioavailability of heavy metals took the soil properties and heavy metal forms into account, its results of risks were lower than those of Hakanson methods, and it could avoid overestimating the potential risks of heavy metals.