降雨期间岩溶城镇区地下河水重金属变化特征及来源解析

2014年6月降雨期间对重庆城镇区南山老龙洞流域地下河出口处的流量及Mn、Pb、Cu、As等重金属质量浓度进行观测,研究了流量的变化特征及岩溶水文系统内部结构,探讨了4种重金属对降雨的响应,用主成分分析法和实际测试值来解译降雨期间地下河水的重金属来源.结果表明,地下河流量、Mn、Pb、Cu和As对降雨响应迅速,推断研究区属于一个管道与裂隙组合的岩溶水文系统;非渗透地表产流迅速,其携带的地表污染物质Mn、Pb、Cu通过落水洞、竖井及岩溶天窗进入地下河,使这些污染物质在最大降雨量峰值的6 h后达到最大质量浓度峰值,较流量最大峰值提前到来;城市地表径流、水土流失是老龙洞地下河Mn、Pb、Cu、As的主要来源,洞穴滴水和雨水也会输入一定量的Mn、Pb和As;岩溶区的城镇建设要进行合理规划,完善相关基础设施,做到从源头上防止地下水遭受污染.

Variation Characteristics and Sources of Heavy Metals in an Urban Karst Groundwater System during Rainfall Event

The groundwater discharge and heavy metal concentrations (Mn, Pb, Cu and As) at the outlet of Nanshan Laolongdong karst subterranean river, located at the urban region in Chongqing, were observed during the rainfall events. Analysis of flow and concentrations curves was employed to study their responses to the rainfall events and explore the internal structure of karst hydrological system. Principal component analysis (PCA) and measurements were used to identify the sources of heavy metals during rainfall. The result showed that the discharge and concentrations of the heavy metals responded promptly to the rainfall event. The variation characteristics of flow indicated that Laolongdong subterranean river system belonged to a karst hydrological system including fractures together with conduits. Urban surface runoff containing large amounts of Mn, Pb and Cu went directly to subterranean river via sinkholes, shafts and karst windows. As a result, the peak concentrations of contaminants(Mn, Pb and Cu)flowed faster than those of discharge. The major sources of water pollution were derived from urban surface runoff, soil and water loss. Cave dripwater and rainwater could also bring a certain amount of Mn, Pb and As into the subterranean river. Urban construction in karst areas needs scientific and rational design, perfect facilities and well-educated population to prevent groundwater pollution from the source.