种植业面源污染防控技术发展历程分析及趋势预测

种植业对农业面源污染贡献不容小觑.已有治理技术并不在少数,但受技术参数模糊和技术应用效果不明朗等因素的影响,现阶段技术应用和污染治理效果不理想.对此,本研究基于近20年国内外种植业面源污染防控的发表论文,明确种植业面源污染防治技术的体系框架,梳理技术的发展历程,比较不同方向技术对生产投入、产量及污染物排放的作用效果,对新时期下我国植业面源污染防控的发展前沿趋势作出预判.本研究构建了源头削减、过程拦截和养分回用这3个领域以及栽培、生态沟渠和尾/废水等14个方向的技术体系.结果发现,源头削减领域获得了最高关注度,研究方向多且热度仍在不断提升;我国对其中肥料方向技术的研究集中度较高.相比之下,过程拦截和养分回用领域的技术较为单一和欠缺.养分利用效率提升、转运过程调控和土壤添加剂使用将是种植业面源污染防控未来的主要着力点和抓手.农田基础设施的配套及后端净化体系的构建,将有助于集成、耦合多领域技术,进一步确保种植业面源污染防控的作用效果.

Situation Analysis and Trend Prediction of the Prevention and Control Technologies for Planting Non-Point Source Pollution

The contribution of crop planting to agricultural non-point source pollution should not be underestimated in China. Although many modern technologies have been developed to prevent non-point source pollution in recent decades, their impacts on pollution control in farmland are far from expectation. The application of technologies for non-point source pollution control for crop farming has been delayed due to unclear technical parameters and application effectiveness. Therefore, based on studies of the non-point source pollution control for crop farming in China and abroad that were published in the last 20 years, the present research was carried out to determine the development process of planting non-point source pollution control technologies and to illuminate the framework construction. The technologies in different fields and directions were compared by their effects on fertilizer input,yield, and pollutant emission. The development trend in the field of prevention and control technologies for planting non-point source pollution was subsequently predicted. In addition, a technical framework was developed with 3 fields (pollutant source reduction, pollutant interception in the migration process, and nutrient recycling) and 14 directions. The analysis showed that the technologies for reducing pollutants from the source have attracted the most (and increasing) concern with many research directions, and that many of the studies in this field have focused on the regulation of fertilizer application. On the contrary, there is a lack of technologies in the fields of pollutant process interception and nutrient recycling. Promoting nutrient-use efficiency, regulating nutrient transformation, and using soil supplements will be the main entry points for non-point source pollution control for crop farming. Furthermore, technologies will operate better with the help of farmland infrastructure and downstream purification systems.