中等城市居民生活消费生态系统占用的比较分析——以泰州、商丘、铜川、锡林郭勒为例

论文引入生态足迹用于分析城市居民消费,通过选取代表不同经济水平和具有不同消费特点的泰州、商丘、铜川、锡林郭勒4个地级市(盟),从生态系统占用角度计算并分析了不同地区中等城市居民生活消费生态系统占用的差异。结果表明:泰州、商丘、铜川90%左右的生态占用来自人们对吃穿的消费,而锡林郭勒这部分的占用则不到70%,其相当一部分占用是来自为了克服较差的气候条件而产生的取暖用煤量;位于草原地区的锡林郭勒多消费牛羊肉,对草地的人均占用多达0.333hm2,是其他地区的数倍,位于长江流域的泰州水产消费较其他地区多,对水域的人均占用达到了0.116hm2,另外三地仅及其16%～45%。结合4城市的生态空间分析发现,仅商丘、泰州、铜川的城镇居民生活消费所占用的生态空间就已经超出了整个城市地区的生态承载水平,即使是地广人稀的锡林郭勒,城镇居民生活消费的生态占用也已接近全盟生态承载的1/2。显然,城市是一类典型的生态赤字区,如何有效调节城市居民的消费方式与消费结构,对于促进城市的可持续发展具有十分重要的意义。

Ecological Footprint-based Comparison of Living Consumption of Meso-scale Cities' Residents in China-Taking Taizhou, Shangqiu,Tongchuan and Xilin Gol as Examples

Urbanization is a typical feature of socio-economic development.According to the sta-tistics,from 1980 to 2001,China's urbanization level rose from 17.92% to 37.66%.Urbanization has many positive effects such as organizing mass production,improving the progress of sci-technology and education,enhancing people's living standard and so on.However,some negative effects of urbanization have been emerging especially its ecological and environmental effects. Along with the process of urbanization,lots of people migrate from countryside to city.The increase of urban residents and the change of living style increase the consumption of natural resources and natural ecosystems.So,the quantitative analysis of urban residents' living consum-ption and its appropriation to natural ecosystems can demonstrate the influences of urbanization and sustainable development in urban areas. As a new method for quantitatively measuring natural resources used by humans,ecological footprint can illustrate regional sustainable development through the analysis of energy and other resources consumption.In this paper,taking Taizhou in Jiangsu Province of East China,Shangqiu in Henan Province of Central China,Tongchuan of Shaanxi Province of Northwest China and a typical resource city,and Xilin Gol of Inner Mongolia of North China and pastoral area as examples,ecological footprints of residents'living consumption were calculated and compared. The results show that (1) about 90% of ecological footprints in Taizhou,Shangqiu and Tongchuan come from the consumption of eating and wearing but below 70% in Xilin Gol where living ener-gy consumption occupies relatively high proportion;(2)for the sake of different geographical areas,residents have different consumption styles which cause different ecosystem appropriation, e.g. per capita residents living in Xilin Gol (pastoral area) occupy 0.333hm2 of grassland ecosystem which is several times that of in other cities,residents living in Taizhou (the Yangtze valley area) occupy 0.116hm2 of water ecosystem which is two or more times in other cities;and (3)compared to the bio-productive area,the ecological footprints of city residents in Shangqiu,Taizhou and Tongchuan are all more than the whole city's ecological capacity which approves that city is one of the typical kind of ecological deficit areas.Therefore,how to effectively adjust urban residents' consumption style and structure is very significant to improve sustainable development in urban areas.