京津冀燃煤工业和生活锅炉的技术分布与大气污染物排放特征

燃煤工业和生活锅炉(下称燃煤锅炉)是京津冀地区大气污染控制的重点,分析其污染物排放特征对燃煤锅炉的污染控制具有重要意义. 对京津冀地区燃煤锅炉的容量、锅炉种类、除尘方式、实际除尘效率等技术分布信息进行了统计,在此基础上建立了基于技术分布信息的2012年京津冀地区燃煤锅炉大气污染物排放清单,并分析了技术特征对燃煤锅炉大气污染物排放的影响. 结果表明:京津冀地区燃煤锅炉以10 t/h及以下的小容量锅炉为主,主要炉型为层燃炉,除尘方式以湿式除尘及多管旋风除尘为主；2012年京津冀地区燃煤锅炉的SO₂、NO_x、颗粒物、PM₁₀和PM_2.5排放量分别为90.81×104、30.88×104 、31.46×104、14.64×104和8.07×104 t,排放主要集中于10 t/h及以下和35 t/h以上的锅炉；天津、石家庄、保定、唐山是锅炉污染物排放量最大的城市；供热、食品、化工、造纸是燃煤锅炉排放最集中的行业. 京津冀地区不同城市锅炉的容量及行业分布差异明显,各城市对燃煤锅炉应因地制宜采取天然气替代、集中供热等措施,以控制燃煤锅炉的污染物排放. 

Technology Distribution and Air Pollutant Emissions from Coal-Fired Boilers for Industrial and Residential Use in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Area

Abstract: Coal-fired industrial and residential boilers are one of the key targets of air pollution control in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area. Understanding the characteristics of air pollutant emissions from coal-fired industrial and residential boilers is critical for formulating a control strategy for the area. Information on coal-fired industrial and residential boilers in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area was summarized and analyzed, including capacity and type of boilers, and type and removal efficiency of dust control techniques. Based on the information of technology penetration and coal consumption, an emissions inventory of air pollutants from coal-fired industrial and residential boilers in this area was developed, and the effects of technology penetration on the emissions patterns were analyzed. The results showed that the small boilers with grate furnaces equipped with wet scrubbers or multi-cyclones were the majority in this area. The emissions of SO₂, NO_x, PM, PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 from coal-fired industrial and residential boilers in 2012 were 90.81×10⁴,0.88×10⁴,1.46×10⁴, 14.64×10⁴ and 8.07×10⁴ t, respectively. Boilers smaller than 10 t/h or larger than 35 t/h contributed most of the emissions. Tianjin, Shijiazhuang, Baoding and Tangshan were the top four cities in terms of emission volume. Heating supply, food manufacturing, chemical industry and papermaking were the major industries contributing to the emissions. The huge variety of boiler technology penetration in different cities indicated differentiated emission control strategies, such as using natural gas instead of coal or central heating, are needed for each city in this area.