我国城市水资源利用效率分析

科学客观地评价我国城市水资源利用差异、明晰造成差异的原因可以为决策部门制定适宜的用水供水政策提供科学依据.收集了全国283个城市15年的市辖区城市建设用地面积占市区面积的比重、市辖区人均地区生产总值、市辖区人口密度、市辖区居民生活用水量、市辖区工业用水等10项指标.采用不变规模报酬模型（CCR）分析地级市水资源利用投入产出效益，采用基于松弛变量测度效率分析方法（SBM）逐年计算水资源利用效率，采用Mann-Kendall检验法检验水资源利用效率变化趋势.结果显示，我国主要地级城市水资源利用效率普遍不高，全国主要城市普遍存在投入冗余、产出不足的特点.2000—2014年，全国62.2%的城市水资源利用效率变化趋势不明显，显著下降的占1.4%（p<0.05），显著升高的占13.07%（p<0.05）.加强区域间技术合作，因地制宜地开展诸如调整产业结构，引进先进生产设备、推广节水设备使用等相关提高水资源利用效率的举措，是实现我国城市可持续发展重要途径.

Analysis of urban water resources use efficiency in China

Scientifically and objectively evaluating the differences in urban water resources utilization in China and finding the reasons for the differences can provide a scientific basis for decision-making departments to formulate appropriate water usage and water supply policies. 10 indices of 283 cities in 15 years were collected, including the proportion of urban construction land area in the urban area, per capita GDP, population density, domestic water consumption, and industrial water use, and all indices were in municipal area scale. CCR model was used to analyze the water resource utilization and water environment pressure input and output benefits of prefecture-level cities. SBM model was used to calculate the yearly water use efficiency and water environment pressure. The Mann-Kendall method was used to test the changes in water use efficiency and water environment pressure. Results show that the water use efficiency of major prefecture-level cities is generally not high, and there are widespread investment redundancy and insufficient output in major cities in China. From 2000 to 2014, the trend of urban water use efficiency in 62.2% cities of the country was not obvious, with a significant decline of 1.4% (p<0.05) cites and a significant increase of 13.07% (p<0.05) cites. Strengthening interregional technical cooperation, and carrying out measures such as adjusting the industrial structure, introducing advanced production equipment, and promoting the use of water-saving equipment to improve water use efficiency according to local conditions are important ways to achieve sustainable urban development in China.