Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: Land transport |
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| Authors: | Elmar Uherek Tomas Halenka Jens Borken-Kleefeld Yves Balkanski Terje Berntsen Carlos Borrego Michael Gauss Peter Hoor Katarzyna Juda-Rezler Jos Lelieveld Dimitrios Melas Kristin Rypdal Stephan Schmid |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Atmospheric Chemistry Department, P.O. Box 3060, D-55020 Mainz, Germany;2. Charles University in Prague, Department of Meteorology and Environment Protection, 180 00 Prague, Czech Republic;3. DLR, Transportation Studies, D-12489 Berlin, Germany;4. LSCE/IPSL, Laboratoire CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;5. CICERO – Center for International Climate and Environmental Research Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway;6. University of Aveiro, CESAM & Department of Environment and Planning, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;7. University of Oslo, Department of Geosciences, 0315 Oslo, Norway;8. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Nowowiejska 20, 00-653 Warsaw, Poland;9. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Physics Department, Thessaloniki, Greece;10. DLR, Institute of Vehicle Concepts, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany;1. School of Industrial Engineering and Operations, Planning, Accounting and Control (OPAC), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands;2. School of Management and Centre for Operational Research, Management Science and Information Systems (CORMSIS), University of Southampton, Southampton, Highfield SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom;3. Canada Research Chair in Distribution Management and Interuniversity Research Centre on Enterprise Networks, Logistics, and Transportation (CIRRELT), HEC Montréal, 3000 chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal H3T 2A7, Canada;1. Center for Social and Environmental Systems Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 3058506, Japan;2. College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;3. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz?1, 2361 Laxenburg, Austria;1. Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Research Council (IDÆA-CSIC), c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain;2. Centre for Sustainability & Environmental Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands;3. Department of Climate, Air and Sustainability, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, TNO, Utrecht, The Netherlands;4. EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dubendorf, Switzerland;5. Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Linköping, Sweden;6. Department of Environmental Protection, Municipality of Klagenfurt on Lake Worthersee, Austria;7. National Centre for Atmospheric Science, Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom;8. MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, King''s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom;9. Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland;10. Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona, Spain;11. Department of Environmental Sciences/Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;12. Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands |
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| Abstract: | Emissions from land transport, and from road transport in particular, have significant impacts on the atmosphere and on climate change. This assessment gives an overview of past, present and future emissions from land transport, of their impacts on the atmospheric composition and air quality, on human health and climate change and on options for mitigation.In the past vehicle exhaust emission control has successfully reduced emissions of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds and particulate matter. This contributed to improved air quality and reduced health impacts in industrialised countries. In developing countries however, pollutant emissions have been growing strongly, adversely affecting many populations. In addition, ozone and particulate matter change the radiative balance and hence contribute to global warming on shorter time scales. Latest knowledge on the magnitude of land transport's impact on global warming is reviewed here.In the future, road transport's emissions of these pollutants are expected to stagnate and then decrease globally. This will then help to improve the air quality notably in developing countries. On the contrary, emissions of carbon dioxide and of halocarbons from mobile air conditioners have been globally increasing and are further expected to grow. Consequently, road transport's impact on climate is gaining in importance. The expected efficiency improvements of vehicles and the introduction of biofuels will not be sufficient to offset the expected strong growth in both, passenger and freight transportation. Technical measures could offer a significant reduction potential, but strong interventions would be needed as markets do not initiate the necessary changes. Further reductions would need a resolute expansion of low-carbon fuels, a tripling of vehicle fuel efficiency and a stagnation in absolute transport volumes. Land transport will remain a key sector in climate change mitigation during the next decades. |
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