1987年-2018年我国小麦主要病虫害发生危害及演变分析

本文总结分析了1987年-2018年我国小麦病虫害发生危害及其演变情况?蚜虫?麦蜘蛛?吸浆虫?地下害虫和赤霉病?条锈病?纹枯病?白粉病是当前我国小麦上的主要病虫害?2011年-2018年这8种病虫害的发生面积为4 416.45万~6 051.42万hm2, 占小麦全部病虫发生面积的74.89%~86.07%?通过防治, 每年挽回小麦产量损失307万~2 136万t, 占全国小麦总产的3.60%~18.44%, 平均年挽回损失1 134.94万t, 占全国小麦总产的10.56%, 其中1987年-1990年?1991年-2000年?2001年-2010年和2011年-2018年经防治后平均挽回损失分别为598.13万?1 056.42万?1 272.8万和1 612.35万t; 防治后每年仍造成小麦产量损失220万~640万t, 占全国小麦总产的1.97%~6.52%; 平均年实际损失346.95万t, 占全国小麦总产的3.23%, 其中1987年-1990年?1991年-2000年?2001年-2010年和2011年-2018年分别实际损失378.11万?337.31万?355.50万和316.90万t?2000年以来, 受气候变化?耕作制度变迁和品种更替等因素影响, 我国小麦主要病虫害发生演变呈现小麦赤霉病重发频率提高?发生区域呈北抬西扩趋势, 蚜虫上升为黄淮海麦区最重要的害虫, 小麦纹枯病?白粉病?麦蜘蛛和地下害虫等小麦常发性病虫害发生相对平稳, 小麦条锈病?吸浆虫等病虫害发生趋降, 新发病虫害在局部麦区扩散危害等特点, 并针对性地提出构建小麦病虫害自动化监测预警体系?研究小麦病虫害长期灾变规律?集成和完善小麦病虫害综合防控技术等建议措施?

Occurrence, yield loss and dynamics of wheat diseases and insect pests in China from 1987 to 2018

Based on data of more than 30 years (1987-2018), the occurrence, damage and evolution of wheat pests and diseases in China were summarized and analyzed in the paper. Aphids, wheat spiders, midges, underground pests and wheat head blight, stripe rust, sharp eyespot and powdery mildew are the main diseases and insect pests on wheat in China. The occurrence area of these eight diseases and insect pests ranges from 44.164 5 million hm2 to 60.514 2 million hm2 during 2011-2018, accounting for 74.89% to 86.07% of the total occurrence area of wheat diseases and insect pests. Through prevention and control, the annual loss of wheat yield was 3.07 million to 21.36 million tons, which accounted for 3.60%-18.44% of the total wheat production in China. The average annual loss of wheat yield was 11.349 4 million tons, which accounted for 10.56% of the total wheat production in China. The average recovery losses after prevention and control were 5.981 3 million tons in 1987-1990, 10.564 2 million tons in 1991-2000, 12.728 million tons in 2001-2010 and 16.123 5 million tons in 2011-2018, respectively. The annual loss of wheat yield after control is still 2.2 million to 6.4 million tons, accounting for 1.97% to 6.52% of the total wheat production in China; the average annual actual loss is 3.469 5 million tons, accounting for 3.23% of the total wheat production in China, of which average 3.781 1 million tons, 3.373 1 million tons, 3.555 0 million tons and 3.169 0 million tons were lost in 1987-1990, 1991-2000, 2001-2010 and 2011-2018, respectively. Since 2000, affected by climate change, farming system change and cultivar replacement, the occurrence and evolution of main wheat diseases and insect pests in China have shown that the occurrence frequency of wheat scab has increased, the occurrence area has expanded northward and westward, and aphids have risen to be the most important pests in the Huanghuaihai wheat region, the occurrence of common wheat diseases and insect pests such as wheat sharp eyespot, powdery mildew, wheat spiders and underground pests, are relatively stable, the occurrence of wheat stripe rust, midge and other diseases and insect pests tends to decline, and the spread of new diseases and insect pests in local wheat areas is characterized. The paper also puts forward the construction of automatic monitoring and early warning system for wheat diseases and insect pests, the research of long-term catastrophe of wheat diseases and insect pests, and the integration and perfecting of comprehensive prevention and control technology and other suggestions and measures.