中国水稻生产、市场与进出口贸易的回顾与展望

新中国成立以来,我国水稻科技不断取得重大突破,单产连创新高,年人均稻谷占有量突破150 kg,稻米供求实现了由长期短缺到总量平衡有余的历史性跨越,优质稻占比持续提高;市场从统购统销到合同定购,从保护价收购到托市收购,市场化程度不断加深,国家宏观调控能力不断增强,稻米市场价格稳步上涨;国家持续加强对大米贸易的宏观调控,改革开放以来的大多数年份里我国都是大米净出口国,是国际市场重要的大米供应商,但2011年以来进口大米数量快速增加,大米逐步呈现净进口。长期看,我国水稻生产、市场、贸易等方面仍然存在一些突出问题,需要加快培育推广优质高产专用水稻品种,推广绿色高质高效生产技术,促进水稻产业绿色高质量发展。

Historical Review and Prospect of China’s Rice Production,Market and Import and Export Trade

Since the establishment of the People’s Republic of China, China’s rice science and technology have been made a major breakthrough, the yield per unit area has hit a new high continuously, the annual per capita rice share exceeds 150 kg, the supply and demand of rice has achieved a historic leap from a long-term shortage to an over-balanced total, and the proportion of good-quality rice has continued to increase. Rice market has moved from unified purchases and sales to contracted purchases, from protection-price purchases to market-supported purchases, the degree of marketization has been deepening, the state macro-control ability has been enhanced, the price of rice market has been rising steadily. Chinese government continues to strengthen the macro-control of rice trade. In most years since the reform and opening up, China has been a net exporter of rice and an important rice supplier in the international market. However, the amount of imported rice by China has increased rapidly since 2011, and the net import of rice has gradually emerged. In the long term, China’s rice production, market, trade and other aspects still have some prominent problems. We need to accelerate the breeding and extension of good-quality and high-yield rice varieties, popularize green, good-quality and efficient production technology, and promote the green and high-quality development of the rice industry.