CRISPR/Cas9系统及其在粮油作物遗传改良中的研究进展

CRISPR是细菌或古生菌对入侵到体内的病毒,通过核酸特异性识别、Cas9蛋白酶切割产生的一种天然免疫系统。基于CRISPR/Cas9系统的基因组编辑技术,通过sgRNA介导和Cas9蛋白切割实现对靶基因的定点编辑。因其操作简便、编辑效率高、适用范围广的特点,迅速成为研究植物、动物、微生物基因功能的重要手段。同时,随着大量基因组信息和相应数据库的广泛建立,CRISPR/Cas9技术利用反向遗传学,配合生物信息技术,成为遗传改良、创新特异种质的一种极有效的新手段。本文主要对CRISPR/Cas系统的基本原理、CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术的作用机制,以及CRISPR/Cas9技术在粮油作物遗传改良、品种选育研究中取得的进展进行了综述,为遗传育种工作者利用该技术进行遗传改良和品种优化升级育提供有效的参考。

CRISPR/Cas9 System and Its Research Progress in Grain and Oil Crop Genetic Improvement

CRISPR is a kind of natural immune system, which is produced by bacteria or archaea through nucleic acid specific recognition and cas9 protease cleavage, when viruses invade the bacteria or archaea. The genome editing technology based on CRISPR/cas9 system could realize the targeted editing of target genes through sgRNA mediation and cas9 protein cutting. Because of its simple operation, high editing efficiency and wide application range, the technology has rapidly become an important means to study the gene functions of plants, animals and microorganisms. At the same time, with the wide establishment of the large number of genomic information and corresponding databases, CRISPR/Cas9 technology has become a new and very effective way to promote genetic improvement and create special germplasm by using reverse genetics and bio-information technology. In this paper, the basic principle of CRISPR/Cas system, the mechanism of CRISPR/cas9 gene editing technology, the genetic improvement and variety breeding progress of grain and oil crops by using the technology were reviewed. The study could provide effective references for genetic improvement and variety optimization.