年际气象差异对西南丘陵区玉米物质积累与产量的影响

基于2011-2016年大田试验和气象数据资料,研究了年际气象差异对西南丘陵区玉米物质积累与产量的影响,以期为西南丘陵区玉米生产的高产稳产提供理论支持。结果表明：西南丘陵地区雨热资源丰富,但气象因素存在明显的年际波动,降水量波动最大,积温波动最小,且玉米各生育阶段降水、积温和光照配置也有所不同。积温是该区玉米生育前期形态建成的主要限制因子,花前积温、花后日照和降水共同调控玉米的干物质积累与转运,而后期产量形成是各气象因子综合作用的结果。花后日照直接影响玉米穗部性状（穗长、穗粗）和产量构成（穗粒数、千粒重）,从而调控玉米的产量;花后积温和降水则通过影响玉米的穗粒数和千粒重对最终产量产生影响。因此,西南丘陵地区玉米在生产过程中可以通过调整播期,适当提高生育前期积温,促进植株生长发育,提高源器官的形态建成,为花后光合生产奠定良好的基础;减少花后降水量,提高花后日照时数,改善籽粒灌浆,提高籽粒充实度,从而实现高产。

Effects of Interannual Meteorological Factors on Maize Dry Matter Accumulation and Yield in the Hilly Area of Southwest China

Based on the field experiments and meteorological data from 2011 to 2016, the effects of interannual meteorological factors on dry matter accumulation and yield of maize in the hilly area of Southwest China were studied to provide theoretical support for the high and stable yield of maize production in the hilly area of Southwest China. The results showed that there were abundant water and heat resources in the hilly area of Southwest China, but there were obvious interannual fluctuations in meteorological factors, with the largest fluctuation in precipitation and the smallest fluctuation in accumulated temperature, the distribution of precipitation, accumulated temperature and sunshine hours at different growth stages of maize were also different. Accumulated temperature was the main limiting factor for maize morphological formation during the early growth stage. The accumulated temperature during pre-flowering and sunshine and precipitation during post-flowering jointly regulated the dry matter accumulation, whereas different meteorological factors affected the yield traits. Therefore, the production of maize in the hilly area of Southwest China can be improved by adjusting the sowing date. High accumulated temperature during the early stage of maize promotes plant growth and development. Reducing precipitation and increasing sunshine hours during post-flowering can improve the grain filling and increase yield.