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考虑种养平衡的黄淮海小麦-玉米模式下畜禽承载量估算
引用本文:楚天舒,韩鲁佳,杨增玲.考虑种养平衡的黄淮海小麦-玉米模式下畜禽承载量估算[J].农业工程学报,2019,35(11):214-222.
作者姓名:楚天舒  韩鲁佳  杨增玲
作者单位:中国农业大学工学院,北京 100083,中国农业大学工学院,北京 100083,中国农业大学工学院,北京 100083
基金项目:国家奶牛产业技术体系(CARS36);教育部创新团队发展计划项目(IRT-17R105);国家重点研发计划(2016YFE0204600)
摘    要:黄淮海地区作为中国种植业与养殖业优势区,随着国家对农作物秸秆和畜禽粪便所带来农村环境问题的日益重视,研究该区域"以种定养"、实现种养业废弃物资源化利用、践行绿色发展理念显得尤为重要。以区域种植业实际生产情况为基础,确定典型种植模式下可施用畜禽粪便类有机肥量,经推导计算后确定区域畜禽养殖种类与数量。该文选取河北、河南和山东为黄淮海地区典型代表,在保障粮食产量和满足农田环境风险评估的基础上,研究小麦-玉米生产模式中,畜禽粪便类有机肥每年可施用量,经推导得到高温好氧堆肥处理前的畜禽粪污资源量,进而计算得到每年可承载的不同种类畜禽养殖量。这样既可满足种植业生产的肥料需求,也能缓解养殖业粪污带来的环境压力。研究结果表明:黄淮海地区小麦-玉米生产模式中,每公顷农田每年可利用6头奶牛或18头肉牛或47~51头生猪或731~789只蛋鸡或8 062~8 705只肉鸡粪便N量。在实际生产中,土壤肥力和土壤微生物等多因素影响有机肥可施用量,不同种类畜禽的农田承载量还需进一步优化。该研究为促进黄淮海地区种养结合提供一定的理论基础。

关 键 词:作物  粪便  黄淮海地区  畜禽养殖  畜禽承载量
收稿时间:2018/11/4 0:00:00
修稿时间:2019/5/28 0:00:00

Livestock carrying capacity estimation in wheat-corn production model of Huang-Huai-Hai Region considering planting-raising balance
Chu Tianshu,Han Lujia and Yang Zengling.Livestock carrying capacity estimation in wheat-corn production model of Huang-Huai-Hai Region considering planting-raising balance[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2019,35(11):214-222.
Authors:Chu Tianshu  Han Lujia and Yang Zengling
Affiliation:College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China,College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China and College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Abstract:Huang-Huai-Hai region is the major superiority area of planting industry and breeding industry in China. With the increasing attention to the rural environment problems caused by crop straw and livestock manures, it is important to analyze "raising by planting" in Huang-Huai-Hai region, realize agricultural waste comprehensive utilization, and implement green development. "Raising by planting" was the core idea of this paper. The "raising by planting" calculation methods were as follow. First, technical regulations for production of wheat-corn and field research results in Hebei, Henan and Shandong provinces were used to summarize production model of wheat-corn in Huang-Huai-Hai region. So the conventional fertilization could be defined. According to test results of researches, this paper determined the amount of partial replacement of chemical fertilizer by organic manures. At the same time, thermophilic aerobic composting was chosen as techniques of livestock manure comprehensive utilization. The untreated amount of livestock manures was calculated. Then, the quantities of different species of livestock and poultry were calculated. According to the technical regulations, the amount of nitrogenous fertilizer were 532.5, 562.5 and 575 kg/hm2 in Hebei, Henan and Shandong provinces. The ratio of partial replacement of chemical fertilizer by organic manures was 30%. So the amount of replacement were 159.75, 168.75 and 172.5 kg/hm2. At the same time, there were no influence on grain security after the replacement of chemical fertilizer by organic manures. Due to the additional application of organic manures promoted soil nitrogen leaching risk, the environmental risk assessment of nitrogen in arable farmland was used. Nitrogen input mainly consisted of nitrogenous fertilizer, organic manure converted from livestock manures, seed, straw returning, atmospheric dry and wet deposition and irrigation water. Nitrogen output mainly consisted of grain and straw. Grade of environment risk in farmland in Hebei, Henan and Shandong provinces were all medium risk. Nitrogen loss rate of thermophilic aerobic composting fromlivestock and poultry manures was 42.26%. Other calculation parameters of livestock and poultry production, such as feeding period, population structure, were defined by many research papers. So in production model of wheat-corn in Huang-Huai-Hai Region, 6 dairy cows, or 18 beef cattle, or 47 to 51 swine, 731 to 789 laying hens or 8062 to 8705 broilers per hectare were land carrying capacity. Besides, at the field scale, various factors, such as soil fertility and soil microbial, might affect the ratio of partial replacement of chemical fertilizer by organic manures. So more researches were needed in the amount of replacement. On account of medium environment risk in farmland, lowering the risks was necessary. Nitrogen input structure: 46.3% chemical fertilizer, 27.5% straw returning, 19.8% organic manure, 4.0% atmospheric dry and wet deposition, 2.0% irrigation water and 0.4% seed. So reducing straw returning was one of risk solutions. In simulation results, reducing corn stalk or wheat straw both lowered environment risk effectively. The results provide a reference for planting and raising combination in Huang-Huai-Hai region.
Keywords:crop  manures  Huang-Huai-Hai region  livestock and poultry breeding  livestock carrying capacity
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