论哈贝马斯的规范与价值问题

哈贝马斯从性质、问题域和形态等三个方面严格区分了规范与价值：首先，在性质上，价值是目的性的、逐级的，具有相对约束力和竞争性，而规范是义务性的、二元的，具有绝对约束力和融贯性。其次，它们与不同的问题联系在一起。价值与善、好和生活方式联系在一起，而规范与正义、对和社会形态联系在一起。最后，在形态上，价值只具有观念形态，而规范不仅具有观念形态，而且通过建制化成为制度。哈贝马斯对规范与价值的过度区分有二分法之嫌，受到了普特南等哲学家的批判。哈贝马斯在这一问题上的困境表明，规范与价值问题的研究在哲学基础上不仅需要语言学的转向，而且需要价值论的转向。

On Habermas' Norms and Values

Habermas distinguishes the norms and values strictly on nature, realm of issue and form. First, values are theological, graduated, relative and competitive, but norms are obligatory, binary, absolute and coherence. Second, they are related to different questions. Values are related to kindness, goodness and form of life; norms are related to justice, rightness and social formation. Third, values are only ideology, while norms are not only ideology but also systemized by institution. The distinction is under suspicion that it is a dichotomy, so the view is criticized by many philosophers including Putnam. The embarrassment shows that it is necessary to have not only linguistic turn but also axiological turn in philosophy for the research of norms and values in philosophical foundation.