功能性微生物在废弃矿山生态修复中的应用

采矿业是经济发展的重要推动力,但采矿活动后遗留了大量废弃矿山,极大地影响着生态环境。笔者基于矿山生态修复背景总结了目前废弃矿山存在的环境问题及常见生态修复技术,并根据矿山修复过程中微生物对土壤和植物的影响,将应用于矿山生态修复的功能性微生物划分为植物根际促生细菌、矿物质溶解微生物、固氮菌、根瘤菌和菌根真菌等5个类别,阐述了功能性微生物在土壤重构与植被重建中的重要作用。目前认为:微生物矿山生态修复过程中功能性微生物接种剂一直存在是最理想的状态,可以长期对生态系统起到积极作用,延长微生物接种剂的存活时间以及其作用发挥时间对废弃矿山的生态修复至关重要;针对不同类型废弃矿山生态系统的特殊性,开展废弃矿山微生物原位应用的相关研究,生产适合不同类型废弃矿山生态修复的功能性微生物,是废弃矿山生态修复亟待解决的问题;进一步揭示微生物溶解矿物的长效作用机制,保障植物的养分供给是功能性微生物在废弃矿山生态修复应用领域面临的挑战。

Application of functional microorganisms in ecological restoration of abandoned mines

Economic growth has historically been significantly fueled by the mining industry. However, many abandoned mines which remain after mining activities have caused significant environmental damage. Based on the background of mine ecological restoration and the influence of microorganisms on soil and plants, the author divides microorganisms into five functional microorganism categories, including plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, mineral-solubilizing microorganism, nitrogen fixing bacteria, rhizobia and mycorrhiza fungi. This review highlights the critical role of those functional microorganisms play in soil reconstruction and revegetation, summarizes the present issues with abandoned mines, and discusses common ecological restoration strategies. It is considered that: it is ideal for functional microbial inoculant to exist constantly because they can contribute positively to the ecosystem for a long time, and it is essential to extend the survival time of microbial inoculants and make their effects last for the ecological restoration of abandoned mines. In view of the special characteristics of different types of abandoned mine ecosystems, conducting research related to in situ inoculation of microorganisms in abandoned mines, engineering and transferring microbial traits into selected effective inter-rooted microbial isolates or entire inter-rooted microbial communities to produce functional microorganisms suitable for ecological restoration of different types of abandoned mines is an urgent problem to be solved for the ecological restoration of abandoned mines; and further revealing the long-lasting mechanisms of mineral solubilization by microorganisms and determining how to mobilize nutrients through mineral solubilization as an integral part of the whole soil community to more effectively and durably exert the mineral solubilization effect of microorganisms and secure the nutrient supply for plants.