国家学位制度的现实考察与立法完善

国家学位制度与大学学位制度是根据学位颁发权力来源而划分出的两种截然不同的学位制度形态。尽管现行《学位条例》确立的是统一的国家学位制度,但鉴于生源质量、教学资源、培养水平等方面的区域和校际差异,不同高校学位授予的具体标准千差万别,甚至作为大学自治的重要内容为部分司法判例所肯认。同时,学位管理的“放管服”改革也在不断深化,高校的自主权限不断扩大,导致国家学位制度在实施逻辑上呈现出大学学位制度的色彩。形式逻辑与实践逻辑的分野,折射出两种不同学位制度之间的内在张力,也决定了我国在学位法制建设中必须于二者之中作出审慎抉择。由国家学位制度迈向大学学位制度是学位形态发展的历史趋势,但鉴于我国目前高等教育发展不均衡不充分的现状,国家学位制度在学位质量保障、公平公正实现、管理秩序维护等方面的作用不容忽视,较为理性的做法是在坚持国家学位制度的前提下,适度吸纳大学学位制度的有益经验,在扬弃中实现两种学位制度张力的平衡。当前学位立法的重点在于:保障学位授予单位自主权,允许各个高校之间有差异的学位授予标准的存在;实现学位授权审核活动向行政许可的回归,由指标分配转向基本标准设置;弱化政府对学位授予工作的直接管理,支持社会组织参与学位认证、学位质量评估、学位信息提供和咨询等服务工作,逐渐适应公共权力由国家向社会转移的时代潮流。

Realistic Investigation and Legislative Perfection of National Degree System

The national degree system and the university degree system are the two distinct degree systems that are divided according to the source of power issued by the degree.Although the degree regulations establish a unified national academic degree system,given the regional and inter-school differences in the quality of students,teaching resources,training level and other aspects,the specific standards of academic degrees granted by different universities vary greatly,even as an important part of university autonomy recognized by some judicial precedents.At the same time,the reform of the degree system is also deepening and the autonomous power of universities is expanding,which leads to the implementation logic of the national degree system showing the color of the university degree system.It is a historical trend from national degree to university degree.However,in view of the current situation that the development of higher education in China is not balanced enough,the role of the national degree system in the guarantee of degree quality,the realization of fairness and justice,and the maintenance of management order cannot be ignored.It’s rational to absorb the beneficial experience of the university degree system and give the university a wide range of autonomous rights on the premise of adhering to the national degree system.At present,the focus of degree legislation lies in the following:guaranty the autonomy of degree-granting units,allowing the existence of different standards of degree award among universities;realize the return of degree authorization audit activities to administrative license,from the index allocation to basic standard setting;weakening the direct management of degree awarding,support the social organizations to participate in the degree certification,degree quality assessment,degree information provision and consultation,and adapt to the trend of the times when public power is transferred from the state to society.