Appropriate seeding rate for einkorn,emmer, and spelt grown under rainfed condition in southern Italy |
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| Affiliation: | 1. University of Gastronomic Sciences, Piazza Vittorio Emanuele 9, 12060 Bra, CN, Italy;2. AIAB in Piemonte, Via Stura, 24-100098 Rivoli, TO, Italy;3. University of Florence, Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences (DISPAA), Piazzale delle Cascine 18, 50144 Firenze, Italy;4. Consultant, Rete Semi Rurali, Via di Casignano 25, Scandicci, Firenze, Italy;1. IREA CNR, Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment, Italian National Research Council, Via Corti 12, Milan, Italy;2. INRA UMR0951 Innovation, French National Institute for Agricultural Research, 2 Place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 2, France;1. Technical University of Munich, Chair of Restoration Ecology, Emil-Ramann-Str. 6, 85354, Freising, Germany;2. Bavarian State Research Centre for Agriculture (LfL), Institute for Organic Farming, Soil and Resource Management, Lange Point 12, 85354, Freising, Germany;1. Biodiversity and Plant & Forest Improvement Unit, Walloon Agricultural Research Center (CRA-W), Gembloux, Belgium;2. Biological Engineering Unit, Walloon Agricultural Research Center (CRA-W), Gembloux, Belgium;3. Valorization of Products, Biomass and Wood Unit, Walloon Agricultural Research Center (CRA-W), Gembloux, Belgium;1. Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 5, Iroon Polytechniou Str., Polytechnioupoli Zografou, 15780, Athens, Greece;2. Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 5, Iroon Polytechniou Str., Polytechnioupoli Zografou, 15780, Athens, Greece |
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| Abstract: | Einkorn (Triticum monococcum L.), emmer (Triticum dicoccum Schübler) and spelt (T. spelta L.) are still cultivated in Italy. These three hulled wheat species are more commonly known as “Farro”. Little is known about agronomic practices that optimise the grain yield of these species.This study has been carried out to establish the appropriate seeding rate for einkorn, emmer and spelt which is grown in southern Italy (Apulia region), a typical Mediterranean environment, where durum wheat is principally cultivated. Two years of experimental field trials were conducted with three seeding rates (100, 150 and 200 viable seeds per square meter).Emmer had the highest hulled grain yield (3.54 t ha?1) followed by spelt (2.80 t ha?1) and einkorn (1.42 t ha?1). Emmer also had a higher kernel weight and was heading earlier than the other species. The bad performance of einkorn can be accountable to the excessive time to reach heading and the natural inclination of plants to lodge, factors that reduce the ability of plant to complete grain ripening, resulting in light and shrivelled kernels. The lower grain yield of spelt in comparison to emmer may be due to later heading.Emmer and spelt performed the best when they were sown at 200 seeds m?2 (3.85 and 3.09 t ha?1, respectively). In contrast, einkorn showed the highest grain yield (1.69 t ha?1) at the lowest seeding rate (100 seeds m?2). Further, additional experimentation is required to confirm this.These results indicate that emmer is the most appropriate hulled wheat species for cropping under southern Italy’s growing conditions, and provide further information about the use of these species in the marginal area preservation or when the cultivation of economically profitable crops is precludes by water deficiency and soil poorness. |
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