奶牛育种中关注的新性状

各国奶牛群体的选育目标建立之后，选育目标一直在不断发展，选择指数中性状的组成、定义和权重等都在不断变化。奶牛的选育是从关注产奶性能而开始，随后增加了体型外貌性状。由于奶牛的健康和繁殖问题的增加以及社会对动物福利的不断关注，20世纪末，世界范围内平衡育种理念在奶牛育种中逐渐形成，一些重要的功能性状加入各国的选择指数中；进入21世纪后，随着奶牛养殖业和社会的发展，育种家们开始关注和研究更多的性状，部分新性状已经开始在育种实践中选育应用。本文通过整理奶牛育种中有关新性状的研究并收集各国奶牛选育方案中的相关信息，综述了近十年奶业发达国家在奶牛遗传选育中正在研究或已经开始应用的新性状，并将这些新性状分为生产效率相关的新性状、应对环境挑战的新性状、健康福利相关的新性状、产品和加工相关的新性状及管理相关的新性状五大类，总结了这些性状的选育背景、定义方法、遗传基础和选育应用情况等，最后还总结了奶牛育种中新性状的研究应用过程，以期为我国奶牛遗传育种研究和育种目标完善提供一定的借鉴。

A Review on Novel Traits in Dairy Cattle Breeding

After the establishment of breeding goals for dairy cattle in various countries, the breeding goals have been continuously developed, and the composition, definition and weight of traits in the selection index are constantly changing. The selection and breeding of dairy cows started with the focus on milk production performance, and then conformation traits were added. By the end of 20^th century, the focus of selection had moved away from being purely production oriented toward a more balanced breeding goal, and some important functional traits were considered. This shift occurred partly due to increase of health and fertility issues and partly due to welfare concerns. After entering the 21^st century, with the development of society and dairy industry, breeders have pay attention to novel traits, and some have begun to be used in breeding practice. The literatures on novel traits in dairy cattle breeding in the past decade and useful information from the breeding program in various countries are collected in this review. And the novel traits which are being studied and/or have been applied in dairy breeding in dairy developed countries are presented. In this review, the novel traits were summarized as 5 categories, including that related to production efficiency, coping with environmental challenges, improving cattle health and welfare, products and milk processing characteristics, and workability. The background, definition, genetic architecture and genetic selection strategies for these novel traits were introduced in this review. Finally, the workflow of research and application for novel traits in dairy breeding was summarized. This review can provide a reference for the study in dairy breeding and help improve breeding objectives in Chinese dairy population.