体育项目中的训练与过度训练特征

目的:多种症状都支持对过度训练(OT)的探查。测量血清尿素(SU)和血清肌氨酸激酶(CK)值,除了对优秀运动员进行诊断和分析之外,也用于对运动员日常训练状态进行监控。因此,我们将根据不同运动员,同一运动员的不同状态,对这些指标的意义进行检验。方法:测试时象为具有国际水平的赛艇运动员,所有数据均来自于对这些运动员训练过程的测试。结果:6981例血清尿素测试样本(男运动员717人,女运动员285人)表明, 数据呈现出一种轻微不对称的正态分布态势(男运动员80％,5～7mmol·L-1;女运动员75％, 4～6mmol·L-1)。女运动员的数值比男运动员约低1．5mmol·L-1,个体差异较大,因此以 8．3mmol·L-1(男运动员)和7．0mmol·L-1(女运动员)作为判断运动员过度训练的固定阈值是不可靠的。在运动训练中,肌氨酸激酶(CK)也已被作为判定肌肉紧张的重要参数进行检测和评价。2790例肌氨酸激酶测试样本(男运动员497人,女运动员350人)显示,数据的频率分布为不对称的正态分布,在100—250U·L-1的区域内具有明显偏向高值区域的趋势,在250～ 350U·L-1和1000～2000U·L-1范围内分布频数明显升高。男运动员的最高值为3000U·L- 1,女运动员最高值为1150U·L-1,个体差异显著。血清肌氨酸激酶水平长期较低的运动员显示出小的数值变化;血清肌氨酸激酶水平长期较高的运动员在数值上显示出显著的变化波动。结论:这两个参数也许都有助于从大量样本中测定个人数值基准线。对这两个参数的测量至少应该在标准条件下每3天进行一次。如果在一段时间的训练(2—4天)后同时观察到参数数值显著升高和训练耐受力降低,则表明机体的分解／合成代谢活动或训练耐受力不足的可能性升高。

Characteristics of Training and Over Training

Object: The measurement of SU and CK can be used for the diagnosis and analysis of elite athletes and for the purpose of monitoring athletes' daily training as well. So we tested those indices according to the different symptoms of the different athletes or the same athlete. Method: Al the subjects are world top rowers and the data were obtained in their training. Result: 6981 samples of SU were tested (717 male rowers and 285 female rowers). The values from 80% of the male rowers are 5-7 mmol.L-1 and 4-6 mmol.L-1 for 75% of the female rowers. The value of the female is about 1.5 mmol.L-1 lower than the males. There is a great difference between the individuals. So it is not adequate to use the values of 8.3 mmol.L-1 (male) and 7.0 mmol.L-1 (female) for determining athletes' over training. The value of CK can be used for evaluating muscle tension. 2790 CK samples (497 male and 350 female) show the highest value of the male is 3000 U.L-1 and 1150 U.L-1 for the female. There is a great difference between the individuals. Small value changes are detected for those whose CK values are usually low and distinct changes are observed for those whose CK values are usually higher. Conclusion: The measurement for those two parameters should be done every three days. If, after 2-4 days' training, the values become obviously higher and the training endurance lower, the possibility of insufficient metabolism or endurance might be higher.