Review of clinical characteristics,immune responses and regulatory mechanisms of hepatitis E-associated liver failure |
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Authors: | Chong Chen Shu-Ye Zhang Liang Chen |
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Affiliation: | Chong Chen, Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, ChinaShu-Ye Zhang, Liang Chen, Department of Hepatology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai 201508, China |
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Abstract: | Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the most common cause of acute liver failure (LF) and one of the most common factors causing acute injury in acute-on-chronic LF (ACLF). When HEV-related LF occurs, a series of changes take place in both the intrahepatic environment and extrahepatic microenvironment. The changed types and distribution of immune cells (infiltrating macrophages and increased lymphocytes) in liver tissue, as well the increased proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the blood, indicate that the occurrence and progression of HEV-related LF are closely related to immune imbalance. The clinical features and immune reaction in the body during HEV-related acute LF (ALF) and ACLF are complicated. This review highlights recent progress in elucidating the clinical manifestations of HEV-associated ALF and ACLF and discusses the corresponding systemic immune changes and possible regulatory mechanisms. |
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Keywords: | Hepatitis E virus Acute liver failure Acute-on-chronic liver failure Immune cells Cytokines Mechanism |
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