西藏羌塘北部和青海可可西里地区冬季野生动物调查

2006年11月1～23日，我们在西藏羌塘自然保护区北部和青海可可西里保护区进行了一次长达1692km的野生动物调查，此次调查所覆盖的区域均为无人区，海拔在4800～5200m之间。本次调查显示，冬季该荒漠／高山草原区域内，藏羚羊（Pantholops hodgsoni）是分布最多的有蹄类物种。在全长1692km，宽2km的样线上，共记录到5999只藏羚羊。在每个分区内的密度各不相同，从0．03／km^2到9．21／km^2，平均为1．77只／km^2。在调查期间，明显的雄性个体群平均为6．3只／群，雌性个体群平均为6．4只／群，同时我们也记录到了100只以上的雌雄集合群。由此可见，藏羚羊正进入冬季的交配期，在一些区域出现了集中分布的现象。我们依然不清楚这些开始集中的雌性藏羚羊分别来自哪几个迁徙种群，和各个产仔地的明确关系，以及雄性藏羚羊又来自哪些区域。相比较而言，在同一纬度区域内其它有蹄类物种的密度相对较低，只有当向东进入可可西里之后才有所上升。其中，在可可西里保护区记录到的野牦牛（Bos grunniens）占总数的73％（n=977），藏野驴（Equus kiang）占48％（n=527）以及藏原羚（Gazella picticaudata）占95％（n=146）。西藏的羌塘北部地区对于藏羚羊是重要的冬季分布区，而可可西里地区不仅是几个藏羚羊种群重要的产仔地，同时也是一个重要的野牦牛种群的避难所。另外，本文还讨论了青藏公路东部有人区内的野生动物和草场的情况。在该区域内，已出现多个保护野生动物和自然环境的保护组织。

A winter wildlife survey in the northern Qiangtang of Tibet Autonomous Region and Qinghai Province,China

We surveyed wildlife along a 1 692 km transect of uninhabited terrain in the northern Qiangtang Nature Reserve of Tibetan Autonomous Region (TAR) and the Kekexili Nature Reserve of Qinghai from 1-23 November, 2006. The Tibetan antelope (chiru) (Pantholops hodgsoni) was the most abundant ungulate in this desert and alpine steppe at 4 800-5 200 m. We tallied 5 999 chiru within a 2 km strip (1 km on either side of our travel route) or 1.77 chiru/km2and with a local variation of 0.03-9.21/km2. Chiru in TAR appeared to have congregated at some sites for the December rut. It remains unclear to which migratory population these females belong and where they calve and where the males are at other seasons. Mean size of male herds was 6.3 and of female herds 6.4 but large aggregations with 100 or more animals of both sexes were also observed. The young: female ratio varied from 37-42∶100. We observed low densities of other ungulates in both TAR and western Kekexili but they increased in the eastern Kekexili where habitat conditions were less severe. Of the total number of wild yak (Bos grunniens) in the transet, 73% (n=977) were in eastern Kekexili, as were 48% (n=527) of kiang (Equus kiang), and 95% (n=146) of Tibetan gazelle (Gazella picticaudata). The northern Qiangtang is an important winter area for chiru, and Kekexili is critical for conservation both as a calving ground for several chiru populations and as a refuge for a substantial wild yak population. Several communities inhabited by pastoralists, east of the Golmud-Lhasa highway, have initiated wildlife conservation programs.