黑龙江省地表水灌溉水质评价分析

【目的】合理制定管理策略改善灌溉水质。【方法】以黑龙江省2017年5—8月295个测点的16项水质监测指标为基础,以《地表水水质评价标准》(GB 3838—2002)和《农田灌溉水质标准》(GB5084—2005)为依据进行等级分类,采用Office以及ArcGIS软件分析了黑龙江省灌溉水质(主要指地表水)指标时空变化特征。【结果】①黑龙江省灌溉用水的主要污染物为有机污染物类(BOD5、COD和高锰酸盐指数)和面源污染类(氨氮、TN和TP)指标,其中仅有60.9%～76.7%和68.6%～78.3%测点的灌溉水质中COD和高锰酸盐指数能够达到III类标准以上;而面源污染类指标的表现较差,且TN和TP指标的超标问题较为严重;②时间变化方面,随着生育季的进行,有机物和面源污染类指标的劣类水测点均呈现逐渐增多趋势,且这一现象在TN和TP指标上表现更为明显;③空间变化方面,农业面源污染类指标的高风险区主要集中在佳木斯和七台河市,涉及的灌区主要包括鹤立河灌区、金沙灌区、三合灌区、孟家岗灌区和万家灌区。【结论】黑龙江省灌溉水质主要受农业面源污染类指标影响,且以TN、TP为主。制定合理的水肥管理策略是改善黑龙江省灌溉水质的重要手段。

Analysis and Evaluation of Surface Water Quality in Heilongjiang Province

【Objective】We aimed at establishing Reasonable Management Strategies to Improve Irrigation Water Quality.【Method】The spatial and temporal variation characteristics of irrigation water(Surface Water) quality indicators in Heilongjiang Province were analyzed by Office and ArcGIS software, based on 16 water quality monitoring indicators from 295 sites in Heilongjiang Province from May to August 2017, and the Surface Water Quality Evaluation Standard(GB 3838—2002) and Irrigation Water Quality Standard for Farmland(GB5084—2005).【Result】① The main pollutants of irrigation water quality in Heilongjiang Province were organic pollutants(BOD5, COD and permanganate index) and non-point source pollutants(ammonia nitrogen, TN and TP), of which only 60.9%～76.7% and 68.6%～78.3% of the measured points could meet the class III standard. The performance of non-point source pollution indicators was poor, and the problem of excessive TN and TP indicators was serious. ② In terms of time change, with the development of growing season, the number of inferior water measurement points of organic and non-point source pollution indicators was increasing gradually, and this phenomenon was more obvious in TN and TP indicators. ③The high-risk areas of agricultural non-point source pollution indicators were mainly concentrated in Jiamusi and Qitaihe. The irrigation areas included Helihe irrigation area, Jinsha irrigation area, Sanhe irrigation area, Mengjiagang irrigation area and Wanjia irrigation area.【Conclusion】Irrigation water quality in Heilongjiang Province was mainly affected by agricultural non-point source pollution indicators, especially for TN and TP. Establishing reasonable water and fertilizer management strategy was an important way to improve irrigation water quality in Heilongjiang Province.