国家级非遗项目空间分布及谱系年代研究

非物质文化遗产是中华文明绵延传承的生动见证。从历时发展、空间关系、地理环境的角度考察非物质文化遗产，对于客观了解其空间分布格局形成的原因、流传的路径具有重要意义，有助于提高对中华文化整体性和历史连续性的认识。本文试图从地理学视角出发，基于国家级非遗项目的流布范围对非物质文化遗产进行空间解构，同时采用时空演化树模型将非遗空间分布及谱系年代以一种简单清晰可视化的形式表达出来，并对此进行影响因素的探析。结果表明：① 国家级非遗主要聚集在发展水平较高、民族特色突出、文化积淀深厚、自然条件优越的地区，华北平原和长江中下游平原是非遗的聚集中心；② 北京和西藏的内部一致性与文化认同感较高，江浙地区呈现大分散小聚集的特征；③ 中国源于各历史时期的非遗项目的分布重心总体上呈现自西向东、自北向南的变化路径；④ 生态环境的变化、人口的迁移、经济发展格局的变动和战乱灾害是促使非遗分布重心转移的关键因素。由此得出加大非遗项目保护资金投入、重视非遗历史发展演化研究、深入挖掘地方非遗特质、推动非遗的整体性保护等启示。

Spatial distribution and pedigree age of national intangible cultural heritage

Intangible cultural heritage (ICH) is a vivid testimony to the continuous inheritance of Chinese civilization. The study of ICH from the perspective of the geographical environment, spatial relationships and diachronic development is of great significance for understanding objectively the reasons for the formation of spatial distribution patterns of ICH and the pathways and extent of its spread; as a consequence, such information can help us improve our understanding of the integrity and historical continuity of Chinese culture. From a geography perspective, this study seeks to explore the spatial patterns of ICH based on knowledge concerning the extent of spreading of ICH. At the same time, the evolution tree model is used to express the spatiotemporal development of ICH in a simple, clear and visual way. Also, the factors influencing the spatial distribution of ICH are analyzed. The main findings are as follows: (1) The national intangible cultural heritage is concentrated mainly in areas with a high level of development, prominent national characteristics, profound cultural accumulation, and excellent natural conditions. The North China Plain and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Plain constitute the main focal centers for ICH. (2) A high internal consistency is found in Beijing and Tibet, and Jiangsu and Zhejiang exhibit the characteristics of large dispersion and small aggregation. (3) The distribution centers for ICH in China generally present as pathways running from west to east and north to south. (4) Changes in the ecological environment, population migration, changes in the patterns of economic development and the chaos brought about by war are the key factors which have influenced the spread of ICH. Appreciation of the aforementioned features allows us to gain consensus on the development and evolution of ICH, and hence can justify how we allocate funds to promote ICH projects, paying particular attention to researching the historical context, and preserving the extraction of the local characteristics of ICH.