中美人口贩运问题治理比较研究

文章基于中美人口贩运历史和现状，从国家方略、法律法规、工作机构、预警系统和受害者救助与安置回归5方面，比较了两国在打击人口贩运方面的优势和劣势。结果发现，中美人口贩运治理国家方略，均是在“以人为本、协同预防、依法打击、积极救助、妥善安置”的框架下制定的。中国更多的是针对打击国内拐卖妇女、儿童犯罪的全面性，而美国则是重点治理商业性跨国人口贩运。中国治理的特色在于自上而下的管理和自下而上的自治，一旦方略、法律法规形成，能够迅速覆盖全国执行；而美国属于联邦制国家，联邦政府与州政府是合作而非隶属关系，加之三权分立与制衡相结合的政治制度和两党制的政党制度，美国治理人口贩运问题的全国执行度、联动性还需进一步考察。最后，就中国如何应对和治理拐卖人口问题提出几点建议，具体包括：1）加大对《中国反对拐卖人口行动计划（2021—2030）》的实施力度，各地需因地制宜地明确行动措施；完善与国家法的衔接并合理吸收借鉴，持续推进针对打击人口拐卖的专门立法，增强应对能力；2）加强国际合作，重视社会建设和治理跨国、跨地域人口拐卖问题；3）细化反拐工作机构，成立专门工作组，设置专项经费，畅通建议渠道；4）构建并完善“团圆系统”配套制度建设。

A Comparative Study of Human Trafficking Governance in the United States and China

The paper compares and discusses human trafficking from the perspective of state governance in these two countries; the five different aspect of strategies, laws and regulations, working institutions, police systems, and victim rescue and resettlement are examined. The strengths and weaknesses of the two countries in tackling human trafficking are also compared in this study. National strategies for human trafficking governance in China and the United States are formulated under the framework of "people-oriented, coordinated prevention, legal crackdown, active assistance, and proper resettlement". China is more concerned with combating the domestic trafficking of women and children, whereas the United States focuses on the governance of commercial, transnational human trafficking. China's governance is characterized by top-down management and bottom-up autonomy. Once strategies, laws, and regulations are formed, they can be quickly implemented across the entire country. In the United States, the federal government and state governments are cooperative rather than subordinate, and the separation of powers and two-party political system are other issues that indicate the need for further investigations regarding the national implementation and linkage of the governance of human trafficking. This paper concludes with several recommendations on how China should respond to and combat human trafficking crime, including escalating the implementation of China's Action Plan against Human Trafficking (2021-2030) and taking specific actions based on local conditions; enhancing the connection with the national laws and absorption from them and continuing to promote special legislations targeting human trafficking crimes; attaching greater importance to social construction and govemance of transnational human trafficking through strengthening international cooperation; refining anti-trafficking work organizations and setting up specialized working groups, special funds and smoother channels for suggestions; constructing and perfecting China's "Reunion System" supporting system.