吐鲁番盆地冬季气温变化及特色林果冬季冻害指标分析

利用吐鲁番东坎农业气象试验站和鄯善气象站近52a（1960-2011年）冬季逐日资料，分析入冬期、冬季平均气温、极端最低气温、低温日数、负积温变化特征，以及特色林果葡萄、红枣冻害发生年最低气温的变化特征，探讨冬季气温变化与冻害发生的关系，总结冻害成灾指标，为防止果树冻害提供理论依据。分析结果表明：吐鲁番盆地冬季平均气温和最低气温呈上升趋势，入冬期偏晚，冬季结束时间提早，冬季持续日数缩短；冬季气温在1985年发生突变，存在7a的周期变化。在无稳定积雪的情况下，最低气温负积温较历年平均值低180．0℃以上，日最低气温≤-18．0℃持续15d以上，且日最低气温连续≤-20．0℃持续5d以上，休眠期的红枣、杏树花芽会发生中度冻害；最低气温负积温较常年低200．0℃以上，日最低气温≤-20．0℃持续7d以上，且日最低气温≤-21．0℃持续5d以上，红枣、杏树及无积雪、覆土厚度〈30cm的葡萄会发生严重冻害。

The Turpan Basin winter temperature characteristics and fruit characteristics of frost damage analysis

In order to prevent frost damage of fruit trees with providing a theoretical basis,using nearly 52-year （1960---2011） winter daily data from the agricultural meteorological stations in Turpan and weather stations in Shanshan ,analysis of the average winter temperature, extreme minimum temperature, low temperature days, the negative accumulated temperature variations as well as the variation of annual minimum temperature for frost occurrence of special fruits including grapes and dates, was conducted. The relationship between the change of winter temperature and freeze injury, and freeze injury disaster indicators were obtained. The results show as follows. The average winter temperature and the minimum temperature raised in Turpan Basin. Winters started late and ended early so the time of the winter was short. There was a 7 years cycle in winter temperatures with mutations occurred in 1985. Moderate freeze injury of dates during dormant period,and apricot buds occurred when the anomaly of annual minus accumulated temperature of daily minimum temperature was less than 180.0 ℃, and the number of days which daily minimum temperature was continuously lower than -18.0℃ was more than 15 and those lower than -20.0℃ was more than 5. Serious freeze injury of jujubes, apricots, and grapes without snow covered in the soil of which thickness was less than 30 cm occurred when the anomaly of annual minus accumulated temperature of daily minimum temperature was less than 200.0 ℃, and the number of days which daily minimum temperature was continuously lower than -20.0 ℃ was more than 7 and those lower than -21.0℃ was more than 5.