宪法监督制度及其完善——《监督法》草案有关宪法监督制度缺位之思考

2002年8月底首次提交人大审议的<监督法>草案,标志着人大对"一府两院"监督的法制化和规范化,但其仍然还有许多议题未获得明确和解决;其中宪法监督制度的缺位就是一大遗憾.建立宪法监督机构本应是<监督法>的首要解决问题,如果监督法回避这个问题,就不能起到其应有的作用,究其原因主要为,如果在人大内设立一个专门委员会,就会出现一个理论上的矛盾,当权力机关自身违宪,这个委员会该怎么处理.按照现行宪法的规.定,专门委员会不能对权力机关实施监督,也不能对违宪问题作出处理.同时,如果在全国人大之外或之上设立这样的机构,显然有违现行体制,原因在于人大本身就是负责监督宪法和法律实施,怎么可能在其之上或之外再设立一个机关?笔者以为,宜在我国设立全国人民代表大会领导下的与人大常委并列的宪法监督委员会,实施宪法监督职能;在三者职权划分上,全国人民代表大会仅负责宪法的制定、修改与废除以及其他立法之外的职能,其他立法职能委托全国人大常务委员会执行;全国人大宪法监督委员会负责实施宪法监督.

System of Constitutional Inspection and Its Perfection --Thought about the omission of the system of constitutiona linspection in the draft of Inspection Law

The draft of Inspection Law first submitted to NPC for discussion in the end of August 2002, marked the inspection of "one government, one court and one procuratorate" institutionalized and standardized by NPC. But many subjects under discussion still haven't been determined or settled; among them, the omission of the system of constitutional inspection is a pity. The establishment of inspection organ should be an issue first solved for Inspection Law. If in the Inspection this issue is evaded, it won't take the effect as expected. Through study, the main reasons are as follows: if a special committee is established in NPC, there will be a theoretical contradiction, i.e. when the power organs breach the constitution, how the committee handle it. According to the stipulations of existing constitution, a special committee cannot implement inspection to the power organ, nor can handle the problem of breaching the constitution. And if such an organ is established above or out of NPC, it will evidently breach the existing system, for NPC itself is responsible for inspecting the enforcement of constitution and law. How can an organ be established above or out of itself? The author considers it appropriate to establish a constitutional inspection committee in the same rank with the standing committee of NPC and under the leadership of NPC, to exercise the inspection function; for the differentiation of the three organs' powers and functions, NPC is only responsible for the establishment, amendment and abolishment of Constitution and other functions beyond legislation, the standing committee of NPC is authorized to exercise other legislation functions; the constitutional inspection committee of NPC is responsible for the implementation of constitutional inspection.