由煤或焦炭制备纳米碳质材料的新进展

评述了以煤为碳源制备富勒烯、纳米碳管、竹节形碳管、铁嵌入的纳米碳棒和由碳包覆的金属纳米粒子等各种纳米材料。认为：等离子体电孤放电法是由煤制备各种纳米碳质材料最常用的方法，随电弧条件及电极性质的不同，所制备的纳米碳质材料可有各种不同形态及结构、由于煤是分子固体而石墨是晶格固体，两种碳源的反应机理有明显不同。在等离子体电弧加热时，煤分解并产生许多具有简单芳烃结构的分子，在纳米碳质材料的形成过程中，这些分子可能作为纳米碳质材料的结构单元，同时原煤中的矿物质在合成过程中也起着重要作用，因此煤本身的性质对纳米材料的制备极为重要。煤是成本低廉且储量最丰富的碳源，将是大规模工业化生产纳米碳质材料最好的碳源之一。

New advances in the preparation of carbon nanomaterials from coal or coke

The preparation of carbon nanomaterials such as fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, bamboo-shaped (carbon) nanotubes, novel iron decorated carbon nanorods and carbon-coated metal particles using coal as the (carbon) source has been reviewed. Plasma arcing is currently the most widely used process in the synthesis of carbon nanomaterials from coal. Because coal is a molecular solid and graphite is a lattice solid, there are distinct differences in the reaction mechanisms between the two carbon sources. During plasma arc heating, the coals decompose and generate a variety of species with simple aromatic structures. Some basic species may act as the building blocks of carbon nanomaterials. Coal properties in this case are important and the mineral matter in raw coals may also play an important part in the formation process of carbon nanomaterials. Coal is cheap and the most abundant carbon source material. Coal as a carbon source will be a favorable option if a large-scale commercial process for carbon nanomaterials production can be developed.