后腹腔镜下根治性肾切除术及其应用解剖学研究

目的 总结后腹腔镜下根治性肾切除术,并对镜下肾周区域相关解剖结构进行研究.方法 2006年1月至2008年3月行后腹腔镜下根治性肾切除术85例.肿瘤位于左肾38例,右肾47例;肿瘤直径2.5～10.5 cm,平均(5.5±1.7)cm;T1N0Mo 74例,T2:N0M0 11例.根据肾筋膜外切除原则,在"两个间隙、上下两极间"分离切除患肾,腹侧为肾旁前间隙(后腹膜与肾前筋膜之间),背侧为腰肌前间隙(肾后筋膜与腰肌筋膜之间),上极达膈下,下方到髂窝.术中辨认重要的解剖结构:后腹膜及其返折、肾前筋膜、侧锥筋膜、肾后筋膜、腰大肌及重要血管. 结果 除1例因与周围粘连严重中转开放手术外,其余均获得成功.手术时间50～165 min,中位数65 min.估计失血量25～600ml,中位数58 ml.术中腹膜破裂5例,肾蒂周围小血管损伤出血6例,无重要脏器及大血管损伤.术后平均随访10(2～25)个月,均无瘤生存,无局部复发或发生穿刺通道种植转移. 结论 后腹腔镜下根治性肾切除术时,熟悉重要的镜下解剖结构有利于提高手术安全性、减少副损伤.

Study of endoscopic anatomy during retroperitoneoscopic radical nephrectomy

Objective To study the endoscopic anatomical structures in retroperitoneal space and to share experiences of retroperitoneoscopic radical nephrectomy. Methods Between January 2006 and March 2008, a total of 85 patients underwent retroperitoneoscopic radical nephrectomy. Thirty-eight tumors were on the left kidney and 47 on the right side. The mean tumor size was 5.5± 1.7 cm in diameter (2.5 to 10.5 cm). There were 74 cases in clinical stage T1N0M0 and 11 cases in T2N0M0. Following the principle of radical nephrectomy outside the renal fascia, the whole surgical procedure was performed along "2 spaces" and "2 poles". The ventral attachment of the kidney was dissected in anterior pararenal space between peritoneum and anterior renal fascia. The dorsal attachment was dissected in anterior psoas space between posterior renal fascia and psoas fascia. The cepha-lic attachment was dissected up to the subdiaphragmatic and down to iliac fosse. During the proce-dure, important anatomic structures such as parietal peritoneum and its reflexion, anterior renal fasci-a, lateroeonal fascia, posterior renal fascia, psoas muscles, greatvessels and their branches were care-fully identified. Results One case was converted to open surgery because of severe and extensive ad-hesion of the right kidney to the adjacent tissues. The other 84 procedures were successfully comple-ted. The median operative time was 65 rain (range 50 to 165 min) and median estimated blood loss was 58 ml (range 25 to 600 ml). Of all operations, peritoneum perforation occurred in 5 cases and small vessel injuries around renal pedicles were observed in 6 cases. Major complication such as great vessel injury was not observed. Mean follow-up of all 85 patients was 10 months (range 2 to 25 months). No local recurrence and port site tumor seeding was found. Conclusion During retrope-ritoneoscopic radical nephrectomy, studying anatomical features of renal area and recognizing impor-tant anatomic structures will help to improve the safety of the surgery and reduce morbidities.