A Review of Audio Fingerprinting |
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Authors: | Pedro Cano Eloi Batlle Ton Kalker and Jaap Haitsma |
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Affiliation: | (1) Music Technology Group, IUA Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Ocata, Barcelona, 8 08003, Spain;(2) Philips Research Laboratories Eindhoven, Prof. Holslaan 4, Eindhoven, AA, 5656, The Netherlands |
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Abstract: | An audio fingerprint is a compact content-based signature that summarizes an audio recording. Audio Fingerprinting technologies
have attracted attention since they allow the identification of audio independently of its format and without the need of
meta-data or watermark embedding. Other uses of fingerprinting include: integrity verification, watermark support and content-based
audio retrieval. The different approaches to fingerprinting have been described with different rationales and terminology:
Pattern matching, Multimedia (Music) Information Retrieval or Cryptography (Robust Hashing). In this paper, we review different
techniques describing its functional blocks as parts of a common, unified framework.
Pedro Cano received a B.Sc and M. Sc. Degree in Electrical Engineering from the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya in 1999. In 1997,
he joined the Music Technology Group of the Universitat Pompeu Fabra where he is currently pursuing his Ph.D. on Content-based
Audio Identification. He has been assistant professor in the Department of Technologies of the Universitat Pompeu Fabra since
1999. His research interests and recent work include: signal processing for music applications, within a real-time voice morphing
system for karaoke applications, pattern matching and information retrieval, specifically content-based audio identification.
Eloi Batlle received his M.S. degree in electronic engineering in 1995 from the Politechnical University of Catalunya in Barcelona, Spain.
He then joined the Signal Processing Group at the same university where he was working on robust speech recognition. He received
a PhD on this subject in 1999. While he was a PhD student he also worked as a researcher at the Telecom Italia Lab during
1997. In 2000 he joined the Audiovisual Institute (a part of the Pompeu Fabra University). Currently he is a member of the
Music Technology Group of the same Institute where he leads several reseach projects on music identification and similarity.
In 2000 he also joined the Department of Technologies of the Pompeu Fabra University and he teaches several subjects to undergraduate
and graduate students. From 2001 he is the Deputy Director of this Department. His research interests include information
theory, music similary, statistical signal processing and pattern recognition.
Ton Kalker was born in The Netherlands in 1956. He received his M.S. degree in mathematics in 1979 from the University of Leiden, The
Netherlands. From 1979 until 1983, while he was a Ph.D. candidate, he worked as a Research Assistant at the University of
Leiden. From 1983 until December 1985 he worked as a lecturer at the Computer Science Department of the Technical University
of Delft. In January 1986 he received his Ph.D. degree in Mathematics. In December 1985 he joined the Philips Research Laboratories
Eindhoven. Until January 1990 he worked in the field of Computer Aided Design. He specialized in (semi) automatic tools for
system verification. Currently he is a member of the Processing and Architectures for Content MANagement group (PACMAN) of
Philips Research, where he is working on security of multimedia content, with an emphasis on watermarking and fingerprinting
for video and audio. In November 1999 he became a part-time professor in the Signal Processing Systems group of Jan Bergmans
in the area of ‘signal processing methods for data protection’. He is a Fellow of the IEEE for his contributions to practical
applications of watermarking, in particular watermarking for DVD-Video copy protection. His other research interests include
wavelets, multirate signal processing, motion estimation, psycho physics, digital video compression and medical image processing.
Jaap Haitsma was born in 1974 in Easterein, the Netherlands. He received his B.Sc. in Electronic Engineering from the Noordelijke Hogeschool
Leeuwarden in 1997. He did his thesis in 1997 at the Philips Research Laboratories in Redhill, England, on the topic of: “Colour
Management for Liquid Crystal Displays”. Currently he is with the Philips Research Laboratories, Eindhoven, the Netherlands,
where he has been doing research into digital watermarking and fingerprinting of audio and video since late 1997. From 1999
to 2002 he was also a part-time student at the Technical University of Eindhoven, where he obtained his M.Sc. in Electronic
Engineering. His areas of interest include digital signal processing, database search algorithms and software engineering. |
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Keywords: | audio fingerprinting content-based audio identification watermarking integrity verification audio information retrieval robust hashing |
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