Mechanistic,Kinetic, and Thermodynamic Evaluation of Adsorption of Hazardous Malachite Green onto Conch Shell Powder

The present study explores the ability of a new adsorbent—conch shell powder (CSP) in removing Malachite Green from aqueous solutions. The effect of various process parameters, namely initial solution pH, temperature, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dose, and contact time was investigated. Adsorption equilibrium data were well described by the Langmuir isotherm with maximum adsorption capacity of 92.25 mg g^?1 at 303 K. The kinetic data conformed to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. A thermodynamic study showed the spontaneous nature and feasibility of the adsorption process. The results provide strong evidence to support the hypothesis of adsorption mechanism.