协同演化与集群成长——河南禹州钧瓷产业集群的案例分析

集群演化是经济地理研究的一个前沿方向,演化经济地理学和新生命周期理论可用于解释集群从形成、成长、成熟到衰退或再生的过程。与已有文献强调企业—产业—网络的协同演化不同,本文构建了以企业为核心的技术—制度—政府—市场协同演化的分析框架,通过对禹州钧瓷产业集群的案例分析,结果发现：① 集群的浮现与成长是一个多因素、多机制协同演化的过程,技术—制度—政府—市场的相互作用以及内在的路径依赖与路径创造、知识外溢与企业衍生、规模报酬与循环累积等机制,在集群发展的不同阶段发挥着各自不同但彼此协同的作用。② 以本地资源禀赋和历史文化传统为基础的制度—技术的协同,具有路径依赖机制,塑造了钧瓷产业发展的初始优势,是集群浮现和生命力维持的基础。③ 由政府主导的市场经济转型与国企改革等制度转型,通过企业衍生机制促成了民营钧瓷企业的兴起;而钧瓷消费市场扩大与新市场空间拓展所形成的市场规模效应,则为企业衍生和规模扩张提供了有效的需求;政府—市场的协同在循环累积机制作用下,形成了钧瓷生产规模与市场规模相互强化机制,促进了钧瓷产业集群的快速成长。④ 集群演化是路径依赖与路径创造相互制约又相互促进的复杂自适应过程,钧瓷烧制技术、工艺、釉料、产品和造型及功能创新成为企业生存和竞争力的根本来源,地方独特的产业氛围使知识外溢和路径创造成为钧瓷产业集群持续壮大的核心动力。

Co-evolution and cluster development: Case study for Yuzhou Jun porcelain industrial cluster in Henan province

Cluster evolution has attracted much attention during the past decade in economic geography. Evolutionary economic geography and new life cycle theory can be used to explain the process of cluster evolution from emergence, growth, maturity to recession/regeneration. Different from the existing literature emphasizing the co-evolution of enterprises, industry and networks, this paper constructs an analytical framework for the co-evolution of institutions, technology, government and market, which takes enterprise as the key actor. Through the case study of Yuzhou Jun porcelain industrial cluster, we found that the emergence and growth of the cluster is a process of co-evolution of multi-factors and multi-mechanisms. (1) The interaction of institutions, technology, government and market, as well as the internal mechanisms such as path dependence and path creation, knowledge spillover and enterprise's spinoff, returns to scale and cumulative causation, and plays different and synergistic roles in different stages of cluster evolution. (2) The co-evolution between institutions and technology, based on local resource endowment and historical-cultural tradition, has a path dependence mechanism and make the initial impetus and advantages for local porcelain production, which is the fundamental source of cluster emergence and vitality maintenance. (3) The transition to the market economy and the reform of the state-owned enterprises pushed by the government have led to a great increase in private enterprises through the spinoff mechanism; and the market scale effect of the rising consumption for the Jun porcelain products and the expansion of the new market space provide a valid demand for the enterprises to spin off and expand their scale significantly. Based on the cumulative causation mechanism, the interaction between government and market has exerted the mutual reinforcement effects on the production and market scale for Jun porcelain industry, and promoted the Jun porcelain industrial cluster to grow rapidly. (4) The cluster evolution is a complex adaptive process in which the path dependence and path creation are restricted and promoted mutually. The innovations such as Jun porcelain burning technology, process, glaze and product shape/function are the fundamental source of enterprises' survival and competitiveness. The unique local industrial atmosphere makes the knowledge spillover and path creation mechanisms become the core power for the sustainable development of Jun porcelain industrial cluster.