粉末床熔融成形铜及铜铬系合金研究进展

近年来，越来越多的研究报道了粉末床熔融成形技术。这一技术通过热源扫描熔化粉末，逐层堆积直接成形复杂三维金属零件结构，能够极大地缩短产品生产周期，提高生产效率，特别是在选区激光熔化（SLM）以及选区电子束熔化（SEBM）制备铜及铜铬系合金方面取得了很大的突破。本文综述了粉末床熔融成形技术的基本原理和优势，以及在增材制造（AM）技术中，铜系材料打印存在的主要困难。介绍了不同制备方法对材料性能的影响，重点对比了SLM工艺在铜系金属上的高反射率问题，进而阐明提高铜对激光的吸收率是该成形技术的研究重点，以及SEBM工艺在铜系金属中存在的表面粗糙度问题的重要性。探讨了更为前沿的一种电子束-激光符合选区融化（EB-LHM）技术，虽然其工艺更复杂但能结合不同打印方法提升性能。探讨了不同成形工艺对材料微观结构和力学性能的影响，并对材料的打印方式进行了评价。最后对目前该领域存在的问题和未来的研究方向进行了展望。

Research Progress of Powder Bed Melt Forming Copper and Copper-Chromium System

In recent years, more and more reports have pointed to powder bed fusion additive manufacturing technology. This technology melts the powder through a heat source which scans layer-by-layer and directly forms complex three-dimensional metal parts, greatly shortening the product production cycle and improving production efficiency. The significant breakthroughs have been achieved in selective laser melting (SLM) and selective electron beam melting (SEBM) for preparing copper and copper-chromium alloys. This article reviewed the basic principles and advantages of the powder bed fusion additive manufacturing technology, as well as the main difficulties encountered in printing copper-based materials. It also introduced the influences of different preparation methods on material properties, with a focus on the high reflectivity problem of SLM technology on copper-based metals, and the surface roughness problem in SEBM technology. A more advanced electron beam-laser hybrid manufacturing (EB-LHM) technology was proposed, which was more complex but could combine different printing methods to improve performance. The article also discussed the effects of different forming processes on material microstructure and mechanical properties, evaluated material printing methods, and finally looked at the existing problems in this field and future research directions.