进化生态学在药用植物种质资源评价中的应用与展望

药用植物种质资源是用于天然药物研究和开发的植物遗传资源,是我国中医药大健康产业发展的物质基础,对其进行准确评价是中药材发挥疗效以及药用植物开发利用的关键。进化生态学是生态学、遗传学、进化生物学等多学科交叉融合的产物,用于探索物种为适应所处环境的进化机制。近20年来,随着进化生态学的学科技术不断革新与发展,物种地理分布区预测、物种鉴定、遗传多样性检测、亲缘关系分析、化学生理过程对气候变化的响应、生物多样性保护与栽培育种等研究手段也相继用于药用植物的种质资源评价,并为其不断提供新思路。介绍了分子标记技术、分子谱系地理分析、景观遗传分析、生态位模型分析、性状关联分析等几种进化生态学主要的研究方法在药用植物种质资源评价中的应用案例,并概述了进化生态学在药用植物种质鉴定、种质多样性评估、资源调查与预测、道地性研究、保护与栽培育种等方面取得的研究进展。未来通过结合基因组和大数据时代的前沿技术,以期健全更加完善的药用植物种质资源评价体系,为中药物质基础的深度挖掘提供重要的理论指导。

Application and prospect of evolutionary ecology in evaluation of germplasm resources of medicinal plants

Germplasm resources of medicinal plants, which are plant genetic resources used for natural drugs research and development, are the material basis for the development of the massive health industry of Chinese medicine. Accurate evaluation can crucially guarantee the therapeutic effects of Chinese medicinal materials, and the development and utilization of medicinal plants. Evolutionary ecology is the integration of ecology, genetics, evolutionary biology and other disciplines, which is used to explore the evolutionary mechanism of species adapting to their environment. Over the past twenty years, with the development and the innovation of new technology added into evolutionary ecology, species distribution prediction, species identification, genetic diversity detection, phylogenetic analysis, the chemical and physiological processes response to climate change, and biodiversity conservation and cultivation of breeding have been employed in the evaluation of medicinal plant germplasm resources, and have provided new insights constantly. Several major analysis methods of evolutionary ecology, including molecular markers, phylogeographical analysis, landscape genetics, niche modeling, and association mapping in the evaluation of medicinal plant germplasm resources are introduced in this paper, and the research advances of evaluation of evolutionary ecology on medicinal germplasm identification, germplasm diversity, resource investigation and prediction, geo-authentic research, and conservation and cultivation of breeding etc are also summarized. The evaluation of germplasm resources of medicinal plants will be well completed under the era of genome and big data in the future, which will provide important theoretical guidance for the in-depth exploration of the material basis of traditional Chinese medicine.