Factors Involved in Upregulation of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in Rat Small Intestine Following Administration of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs |
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Authors: | Dr Koji Takeuchi PhD Aya Yokota MA Akiko Tanaka PhD Yuka Takahira BS |
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Affiliation: | (1) Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina, Kyoto 607, Japan |
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Abstract: | We investigated the functional mechanisms underlying the expression of inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) in the
rat small intestine following the administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and found a correlation
with the intestinal ulcerogenic properties of NSAIDs. Conventional NSAIDs (indomethacin, dicrofenac, naproxen, and flurbiprophen),
a selective cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 inhibitor (SC-560) and a selective COX-2 inhibitor (rofecoxib) were administered p.o.,
and the intestinal mucosa was examined 24 hours later. Indomethacin decreased prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in the intestinal mucosa and caused intestinal hypermotility and bacterial invasion as well as the upregulation
of iNOS expression and NO production, resulting in hemorrhagic lesions. Other NSAIDs similarly inhibited PGE2 production and caused hemorrhagic lesions with intestinal hypermotility as well as iNOS expression. Hypermotility in response
to indomethacin was prevented by both PGE2 and atropine but not ampicillin, yet all these agents inhibited not only bacterial invasion but also expression of iNOS as
well, resulting in prevention of intestinal lesions. SC-560, but not rofecoxib, caused a decrease in PGE2 production, intestinal hypermotility, bacterial invasion, and iNOS expression, yet this agent neither increased iNOS activity
nor provoked intestinal damage because of the recovery of PGE2 production owing to COX-2 expression. Food deprivation totally attenuated both iNOS expression and lesion formation in response
to indomethacin. In conclusion, the expression of iNOS in the small intestine following administration of NSAIDs results from
COX-1 inhibition and is functionally associated with intestinal hypermotility and bacterial invasion. This process plays a
major pathogenic role in the intestinal ulcerogenic response to NSAIDs. |
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Keywords: | NSAID intestinal damage iNOS expression COX-1 inhibition intestinal motility enterobacteria |
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