国外风电并网特点及对我国的启示

国外风电发达国家已有风电场大多装机规模较小,主要是分散接入配电网就地消纳。风电大规模并网依赖于坚强电网的支撑,同时也需要其他电源的支持和协调发展。如丹麦东部电网通过交流输电线路与挪威、瑞典、芬兰等国组成北欧电网,西部电网则通过德国电网与欧洲大陆互联电网相联,北欧电网中的大量水电为丹麦风电提供了足够的调峰支持;而美国大量具有灵活调节能力的燃气电站为风电快速发展提供了保障。国外针对未来风电大规模开发,规划通过高电压等级线路接入电网,远距离输送至负荷中心地区,并且扩展输电网以扩大风电消纳范围和规模。风电发达国家都制定了严格的并网导则且强制执行,风电收购政策根据风电发展的不同阶段不断调整,同时广泛开展了风电功率预测工作,并对风电进行有效调控。我国风电在持续快速发展中暴露出一些问题,如风电开发缺乏统一规划,配套电网建设难度较大;系统调峰能力不足;电网建设滞后于电源建设,尤其是跨大区电网的互联规模不足;风电技术和运行水平较低,相关政策有待完善等。建议我国应努力优化电源结构,增加电源装机中调峰电源和灵活调节电源的比重;建设坚强智能电网,解决风电大规模接入和输送问题;完善相关法律和政策支持体系。

Characteristics of Wind Power Integration in Foreign Countries and Lessons for China

Most wind farms in major wind power generating countries are small sized and are integrated into power distribution networks separately.Power from these wind farms is principally used locally.Large-scale wind power integration relies on strong power grid support as well as support and coordinative development of other power sources.For example,Denmark′s eastern power grid is connected with the power grids of Norway,Sweden and Finland via AC power lines to form the Nordic Power System.The country′s western power grid is connected with the German power grid and the UCTE.The large amount of hydropower in the Nordic system provides sufficient peak-shaving support to Denmark′s wind power production.In the United States,a host of gas-fired power stations with flexible regulating capabilities provide a guarantee for the rapid development of wind power.Foreign countries′ strategies for future wind power development are to integrate wind power in power grids via high-voltage power lines,transmit the power to load centers via long-distance power lines and expand power transmission networks to consume wind power in a wider area and a larger scale.All major wind power producing countries have formulated and enforced strict grid integration guidelines.These countries have continually adjusted their wind power acquisition policies in different stages of wind power development and extensively pushed power prediction for wind power.Wind power is effectively regulated in these countries.Some problems have popped up as wind power grows rapidly in China.Such problems include the lack of unified development plans,difficulty in building supportive power grids,insufficient peak-shaving capability,relatively slow grid construction compared with power plant construction,inadequate level of integration of inter-region power grids,unsatisfactory technical strength and performance of the wind power industry,and the need for improving some relevant policies.China should step up its effort to optimize its power source mix,increase the shares of peak-shaving power sources and flexibly regulated power sources in installed generating capacities,build rigid smart grids to resolve the issues related to large-scale wind power integration and transmission,and continue to perfect the relevant legal and policy systems.