清代云南官办民助初等教育"义学"探析

义学是清朝在边疆民族地区普遍设置的官办初等教育学校。清代云南的义学自康熙朝起由地方官府主持创办,经过雍正、乾隆时期的快速发展,曾达到700余所,遍布云南各地,深入到山乡夷寨。清代云南的义学以边疆少数民族子弟为主要教育对象;以“训以官音,教以礼仪,学为文字”为教育内容;以“识字明理”、“开化夷民”为教育目的;它所创立的“官办民助”的办学形式和经费筹措管理模式,也成为清代边疆民族地区教育发展的典范。义学在促进边疆少数民族的文化发展和文明进步、增强多民族统一国家的文化认同和国家认同等方面发挥了重要作用。

The Primary "Compulsory School" in Yunnan in the Qing Dynasty

The Qing dynasty saw the establishment of the primary "compulsory school" in the minority area.This kind of school,which was run by the local government,emerged in the Kangxi Period,and developed fast in the Yongzheng and Qianlong Period and numbered over 700.They were found all over Yunnan Province.The primary "compulsory school" in Yunnan had the minority children as the target for education and trained them in pronunciation,writing and etiquette as well as cultural education.Their way of running the school is "government-administration and people-supporting" and their way of raising money is praiseworthy,which is a good example for developing the minority education in the Qing dynasty and plays a positive role in their cultural development,the enhancing of their awareness of cultural identity and national identity.