End use technology choice in the National Energy Modeling System (NEMS): An analysis of the residential and commercial building sectors |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Management Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;2. Environment & Resources (E-IPER), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;3. Stanford Law School, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;1. National Ignition Facility, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA 94550, USA;2. Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA;3. Princeton Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA;4. Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA;5. Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA;6. Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA |
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| Abstract: | The National Energy Modeling System (NEMS) is arguably the most influential energy model in the United States. The U.S. Energy Information Administration uses NEMS to generate the federal government's annual long-term forecast of national energy consumption and to evaluate prospective federal energy policies. NEMS is considered such a standard tool that other models are calibrated to its forecasts, in both government and academic practice. As a result, NEMS has a significant influence over expert opinions of plausible energy futures. NEMS is a massively detailed model whose inner workings, despite its prominence, receive relatively scant critical attention.This paper analyzes how NEMS projects energy demand in the residential and commercial sectors. In particular, we focus on the role of consumers' preferences and financial constraints, investigating how consumers choose appliances and other end-use technologies. We identify conceptual issues in the approach the model takes to the same question across both sectors. Running the model with a range of consumer preferences, we estimate the extent to which this issue impacts projected consumption relative to the baseline model forecast for final energy demand in the year 2035. In the residential sector, the impact ranges from a decrease of 0.73 quads (? 6.0%) to an increase of 0.24 quads (+ 2.0%). In the commercial sector, the impact ranges from a decrease of 1.0 quads (? 9.0%) to an increase of 0.99 quads (+ 9.0%). |
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