中、美、加、印矿业权管理差异分析

选择美国、加拿大、印度作为典型矿业国家，将其矿业权管理与中国矿业权管理进行比较研究，以期为中国矿业权管理提供一些值得借鉴的经验。主要存在以下几点差异：1）矿业权主体范围不同。美国的矿业权主体是符合条件的公民，印度和中国的矿业权主体是各类公司。2）矿业权取得方式不同。美国矿业权主要通过自由进入和特许制度、矿地租借制度或材料销售制度取得；加拿大的取得方式是先获得初级许可证，满足条件以后升级为高级许可证； 印度主要通过招标取得，中国则以招、拍、挂为主。3）管理机构不同。美国的矿业管理部门分为联邦和州2级，加拿大的也分为联邦和省2级，印度由联邦政府管理，中国的探矿权由2级政府管理，采矿权由4级政府管理。

VARIANCE IN MINING PERMITS MANAGEMENT AMONG CHINA,USA, CANADA AND INDIA

This paper compares the mining permits management in the USA,Canada and India as typical mining countries with that in China, aiming at providing references for China.The variance mainly lies in the ownership that the eligible citizens in the USA while companies in India and China can hold, and acquisition that the USA has a free entering and permit, mine lease and material sales, and Canada must have a preliminary permit and then an advanced permit,India goes through a bidding, and China through listing, auction and bidding, and administration that the USA includes federal and state governments and private, Canada includes federal and provincial governments, India is by federal government, and China is by two levelled governments in exploration permits and four levelled in mining permits.