美国油气资源管理机构研究

美国的油气资源统一采用竞标方式出让矿权，以确保政府在油气资源开发活动中的利益。围绕着这一管理机制，美国形成了联邦政府、州政府及行业3个层级的管理机构体系。分析了美国油气资源管理机构每一层级的机构职能和相互关系，总结出美国油气资源管理机构的特点。美国油气资源管理机构整体表现为联邦管理机构分散，州管理机构集中；机构设置“政监分离”，多部门之间依法办事，注重事前事后的协商；同时，非完全化大部制内设各个具有独立行政权力的事务局，注重引导发挥市场作用，提高了机构的效能。美国的油气资源管理机构体系设置的特点集中反映了如三权分立、自由市场经济、法制化管理、放松规制、向下级分权等经济管理思想，是美国宏观经济管理思想的缩影，也是美国政治经济体制的缩影。

STUDY ON AMERICAN OIL GAS RESOURCE MANAGEMENT INSTITUTIONS

The USA employs a unified bidding in oil gas resource market to make sure the governmental benefits in oil gas development. A three levelled management system had been formed by federal, state governments and professional organization. This paper analyzes its function and relation of each level. The American oil gas resource management institutions are characterized by a decentralized federal institution and by a centralized state. Governments are separated from supervision, all institutions behave by laws, a good negotiation through all processes. Within non totalized big ministry, each institution executes by its independence, which fulfills marketing and improves efficiency. These features can reflect separation of powers, free marketing, legal management, empowering to subordinate, which is an epitome of Americas macroscopic economic management, and its political and economic system as well.