乡村振兴学术笔谈

摘要 　从十六届五中全会提出“建设社会主义新农村”,到 2013 年中央城镇化工作会议中“望得见山,看得见水,记得住乡愁”的相关文件指引, 再到十九大报告提出的“乡村振兴”策略,乡村问题一直都被国家高度关注。为助力国家实施乡村振兴战略,本刊编辑部以“乡村振兴”为主题组 织学术笔谈,邀请了六位专家学者就乡村规划或建设中的重难点问题进行深入探讨。针对我国乡村的经济发展与生活环境两方面的共性问题,肖大 威教授提出要统筹内外资源协调生产力与生产关系发展,促进乡村提升内生动力,以支撑带动地区经济,并且重视乡村与外界的网络联系,将乡村 自身的发展与城镇化结合,实现乡村“宜业”建设。同时,改善乡村物质空间,注重文化传承,积极探寻“宜居”模式,实现“宜业宜居”的建设 与发展。关于大城市周边地区乡村振兴,陈晨副教授认为应充分利用大城市“以城带乡”和挖掘乡村地区“内生发展”两种动力。一方面,善用城 市对乡村的带动作用,找准乡村发展的定位;另一方面,根据大城市周边乡村地区的产业基础,挖掘具有根植性的地方产业,善用社会资本和人才 优势,统筹规划,破解土地发展的瓶颈。贫困地区乡村振兴战略实施,耿虹教授指出可以采用“产业在地性培育、空间适应性建设、文化活态性传承” 的振兴路径,即首先以脱贫与发展为根本目标,推动乡村产业向可持续的培育发育形态转型,提升乡村产业抗性;同时通过有序组织乡村空间建设, 促进生产与生态发展,保障生活环境健康与安全,并为保护与传承乡村文化创建新的适应性设施环境与景观环境,进而保证乡村振兴总体目标的稳 步实现。为了解决以往乡村规划不落地的问题,蔡穗虹主任提出创新性的规划模式,包括充分衔接县和乡镇级国土空间规划,不能触碰管控底线; 用好政策组合拳,提高村庄规划对乡村振兴的空间响应;盘活零散低效闲置的建设用地,为农村发展新需求提供空间;采用镇域统筹、镇村联动的 编制方法,促进乡村地区合力发展;推动村庄规划成果入库备案,提高管理水平等一系列措施。 王竹教授从“阿者科”村实际建设中总结经验,表 示乡村振兴不能以“任务和指标”为导向,不能自上而下,而应是以“问题和目标”为导向,开展“上下双向联动、体制内外结合”的组织机制创新, 最终达到“再造本土”的目标,推动乡村振兴真实下的“经营与永居”。针对乡村发展过程乡村景观剧变的现象,陆琦教授提出了“山水·田·居” 的乡村景观营造模式,其中,“山水”表征的是自然景观,强调保护生态;“田”表征的是生产景观,在生产方式改变的情况下,新形成的生产场 地也应充分考虑人与自然的对话性;“居”表征的是聚落景观,也是乡村景观营建的关键。如上述专家所述,乡村振兴涉及乡村的产业发展、生态 保护、人居环境、文化传承、乡村治理等诸多方面,只有正确处理好这些问题,才能真正实现乡村振兴。

An Academic Conversation on Rural Revitalization

ABSTRAC T　Problems associated with rural areas have been a significant concern in China since the "building a new socialist countryside" proposal presented in the 5th Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee. This was presented in accordance with relevant documentation concerning the notion of "seeing mountains and rivers and remembering homesickness" at the central urbanization working conference in 2013, as well as from the "rural revitalization" strategy proposed in reports created by the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. To support the nation-wide implementation of the rural revitalization strategy, the editorial department of our journal organized an academic conversation by writing on the theme of "rural revitalization". A total of six experts and scholars were invited to generate in-depth discussion on key areas and challenges in rural planning and construction. With respect to the common problems concerning rural economic development and living conditions in China, Professor Xiao Dawei suggested relevant parties create an overall plan incorporating internal and external resources to coordinate development of a harmonious relationship between the production and promotion of the endogenous power of rural areas to support and drive the regional economy. Moreover, he recommended greater attention be paid to network relations between rural areas and the external world, as well as combining rural development and urbanization with the aim of achieving "enterprise adaptability" construction in rural areas. More specifically, improving rural material space, paying closer attention to cultural inheritance, positively exploring the "enterprise adaptability" mode, and making steps toward achieving the construction and development of "enterprise adaptability and livability" are deemed important. In view of rural revitalization for the surrounding areas of the metropolis, associate Professor Chen Chen advocated making full use of "urban areas supporting rural development" and exploring the "endogenous development" of rural areas. On the one hand, the positive effect of a metropolis on the development of rural areas should be used appropriately and the orientation of rural development should be correctly determined. On the other hand, it is necessary to explore core local industries on an industrial basis in rural areas surrounding the metropolis, creating an overall plan by taking advantage of social capital and talent toward overcoming bottlenecks against land development. With respect to the implementation of a rural revitalization strategy in poverty-stricken areas, Professor Geng Hong emphasized a revitalization path incorporating "local industrial development, spatial adaptive construction and cultural active inheritance". Along this revitalization path, overcoming poverty and promoting development are fundamental goals which should be adopted to support a shift in rural industrial development toward sustainable development, ultimately improving the resistance of rural industries. Additionally, it is suggested production and ecological development should be facilitated, which is believed will positively contribute to the health and safety of living conditions via the organization of construction in rural spaces. A new adaptive-facility environment and landscape environment should be constructed to protect rural culture, thus assuring the stable implementation of the overall goal of rural revitalization. To address the previous failures in the implementation of rural planning, Director Cai Suihong proposed an innovative planning mode. This mode covers a series of measures: 1) a full connection regarding spatial planning between county- and town-level national land, and the forbidding of any break of the control baseline; 2) making full use of a policy combination to increase the spatial responses of rural planning to rural reviltalization; 3) revitalizing scattered and low-efficiency idle construction land to provide space for the new demands associated with rural development; 4) using overall planning in town areas and a combined town-village method to promote the synergic development of rural areas; and 5) promoting the archiving of rural plan achievements and improving the management level. Additionally, Professor Wang Zhu summarized the experiences of the practical construction project, "Azheke" Village, explaining rural revitalization should be oriented toward "problems and objects" rather than "tasks and indexes". Rather than top-down rural revitalization, he proposed an innovative organization mechanism (i.e., the "up-down bilateral connection and internalexternal system combination") to achieve the goal of "local reconstruction" and to promote "management and permanent residence" under the reality of rural reviltalization. To address any sudden changes in rural landscapes during rural development, Professor Lu Qi proposed the rural landscape building mode, "mountains and rivers-field-residence", in which "mountains and rivers" refers to natural landscapes which emphasize ecological protection, and "field" represents a production landscape. When production modes are changed, the newly-formed production site should more fully consider conversations between humans and nature. Furthermore, "residence" represents the settlement landscape, which is also key in the development of rural landscapes. Based on the abovementioned approaches, rural revitalization involves industrial development, ecological protection, the living environment, cultural inheritance, rural management and other aspects important in rural areas. Rural revitalization can only be truly implemented if such problems are addressed carefully and appropriately.