Characteristics of unburned carbons and their application for humic acid removal from water

Two unburned carbons (UCs) were separated from coal fly ash and their physicochemical properties were characterised using N₂ adsorption, XRD, SEM, XPS, FT-IR and potentiometric mass titration. Chemical treatments using HNO₃ and KOH were also conducted on one of the unburned carbons. The adsorption of humic acid from aqueous solution was performed on these untreated and chemically treated UCs. It was found that the UCs showed different porous structure and surface chemical properties, which influenced their adsorption behaviour. UCs exhibited high adsorption capacity for humic acid. After chemical treatment, the textural structure and surface functional groups of the unburned carbon were changed and the adsorption behaviour showed significant difference. Acid treatment did not change the surface area but reduced the functional groups while basic treatment significantly enhanced the surface area in microporous section but still reduced the surface functional groups. Particle size and pH solution will also influence the adsorption capacity. The adsorption will increase with decreasing particle size for humic acid. Higher pH solution will reduce humic acid adsorption on unburned carbon. Ionic strength will also affect humic acid adsorption showing positive effect on adsorption capacity.