古典乌托邦·乌托邦·反乌托邦——读陶渊明札记

在空间上,桃花源是一个封闭自守、绝不与外交通的世界;在时间上,桃花源中的时间如果不说是停滞的,也该是＂循环＂的,周而复始的。桃花源正是由于守护了自己的时间与空间,才成了与外面截然不同的另一个世界。将莫尔、培根们的＂乌托邦＂对照陶渊明的＂桃花源＂,莫尔、培根的社会理想尽管各有侧重,但都是建立在柏拉图的《理想国》的理性主义传统之中的;陶渊明的桃花源则是建立在老庄哲学的社会理想之中的,如果还要将其称为乌托邦,那么西方莫尔、培根的社会理想是一种＂光明的＂、＂进取的＂的乌托邦,东方陶渊明的桃花源则是一种＂幽晦的＂、＂退隐的＂古典的乌托邦。20世纪以来日渐强化的＂反乌托邦＂运动以挖苦、嘲弄、批判的方式表达了对于启蒙主义乌托邦的＂反拨＂,却有意无意地表达了对于自然生态、社会生态、精神生态的深切关怀。陶渊明的古典乌托邦思想在当今地球人类面临的生态时代,仍然具有深刻的启发性及不可忽视的现实意义。

Classical Utopia · Utopia · Anti-Utopia --Reading Notes of TAO Yuan-ming

From the view of space, ＂Peach Blossom Spring＂ is a close and self-guarding world where the people never communicated with the outside. From the view of time, the time in ＂Peach Blossom Spring＂ is circular and rolling, if not freezing. ＂Peach Blossom Spring＂ became an extremely different world from the outside because of guarding its own time and space. Compared with the Utopia of Moore and Bacon, Moore＇s and Bacon＇s social ideal has different emphasis, but both of them are built in the rationalistic tradition of the Republic by Plato. ＂Peach Blossom Spring＂ of TAO Yuan-ming is built in social ideal of philosophy of Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi, if still called as Utopia, it is a hidden and recluse classical Utopia. While the social ideal of Moore and Bacon is an enlightened and aggressive Utopia. Since 20^th century, the anti-Utopia movement has presented its backwash to didacticism Utopia by the means of sarcasm, ridicule and criticism, and showed its deep concern for natural ecology, social ecology and spiritual ecology intentionally or unintentionally. TAO Yuan-ming＇s classical Utopian thought still has a profound stimulating and practical significance in the era of global ecology age.