Solution-processed annealing-free ZnO nanoparticles for stable inverted organic solar cells |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Information and Communications Technologies Portfolio, National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada;2. Printed Functional Solutions, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Kaitovayla 1, 90570 Oulu, Finland;1. Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos, Agia Paraskevi, 15310, Athens, Greece;2. Department of Physics, University of Patras, 26504, Patras, Greece;3. Solid State Physics Section, Physics Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, 15784, Zografos, Athens, Greece;4. University Hassan II, Faculty of Science Ain Chock, Department of Renewable Energy & Dynamic Systems, Casablanca, Morocco;1. Information and Communications Technologies Portfolio, National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada;2. VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Kaitoväylä 1, 90570, Oulu, Finland;1. Department of Printed Electronics Research Center, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, 156 Gajeongbuk-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-343, Republic of Korea;2. Department of Chemistry, Kookmin University, 861-1 Jeongneung-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-702, Republic of Korea;3. Energy Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea;1. Université de Monastir, Faculté des sciences de Monastir, Département de physique, Laboratoire des Interfaces et des Matériaux Avancés, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia;2. Université de Sousse, Institut Supérieur des Sciences Appliquées et de Technologie de Sousse, Cité Ettafala, 4003 Ibn Khaldoun Sousse, Tunisia;3. Centre National de Recherches en Sciences des Matériaux, Laboratoire de physico-Chimie des Matériaux Minéreaux et leurs applications, B.P. 95 Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia;1. ENEA, UTTP, P.le E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy;2. Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Via G. Campi 183, 41125 Modena, Italy;1. School of Physics and Optoelectronics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China;2. The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, PR China;3. South China Institute of Collaborative Innovation, Dongguan 523808, PR China;4. Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, PR China |
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| Abstract: | We report the development and application of high-quality zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) processed in air for stable inverted bulk heterojunction solar cells as an electron extraction layer (EEL). The ZnO NPs (average size ～11 nm) were dispersed in chloroform and stabilized by propylamine (PA). We demonstrated that the ZnO NP dispersion with 4 vol.% of PA as stabilizer can be used in air directly and remains clear up to one month after preparation. Our inverted solar cells consisted of a blade-coated poly(N-9′-heptadecanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(4′,7′-di-2-thienyl-2′,1′,3′-benzothiadiazole (PCDTBT) and 6,6]-phenyl C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) (1: 4 by weight) active layer sandwiched between a ZnO electron extraction layer and a MoO3/Ag anode. All solar cells with ZnO films fabricated in air using PA-stabilized ZnO dispersions prepared within a time window of one month exhibited power conversion efficiencies (PCE) above 4%. In contrast, if the ZnO film was prepared in air using regular un-stabilized ZnO NP dispersion, the PCE would drop to 0.2% due to poor film quality. More interestingly, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance measurements indicated that the PA ligands were not covalently bonded to ZnO NPs and did not exist in the deposited ZnO films. The spin-cast ZnO thin films (without any thermal treatment) are insoluble in organic solvents and can be directly used as an EEL in solar cells. This feature is beneficial for fabricating organic solar cells on flexible polymer substrates. More importantly, our non-encapsulated inverted solar cells are highly stable with their PCEs remaining unchanged after being stored in air for 50 days. |
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| Keywords: | Zinc oxide nanoparticles Propylamine Inverted solar cell Bulk heterojunction Stability |
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