Changes in joint kinematics and dynamic postural stability with free and restricted arm movements in children |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom;2. Pepperdine University, Natural Science, Seaver College, CA, United States;1. Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 701, Taiwan;2. Department of Information Engineering, I-Shou Univeristy, Kaohsiung City 84001, Taiwan;3. Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 701, Taiwan;1. School of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Canada;2. Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montréal (CRIR), Canada;1. Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA;2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA;3. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA;1. Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy;2. Dipartimento di Meccanica, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy;3. Exercise Physiology and Physical Assessment Laboratory, Serra Gaúcha University Center, Caxias do Sul, Brazil;4. Integrated Colleges of Taquara (FACCAT), Taquara, Brazil;1. Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States;2. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States;3. School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States;4. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundArm movements make a substantial and functionally relevant contribution to quiet standing and dynamic balance tasks. The impact of restricted arm movements on balance control is particularly important for children as their postural control system is not fully matured.Research questionThis study investigated the effects of arm movements on lower body joint kinematics and dynamic postural stability during anterior and lateral dynamic movements in children.MethodsEighteen boys (age, 10.1 ± 1.6 years) completed an anterior and a lateral jump-landing task under two different verbally conveyed instructions of arm position; (1) arms placed flat across the chest touching the contralateral shoulder (i.e., restricted arm movement) and (2) arm movement without restriction. Lower body joint kinematics were recorded and used to calculate mean joint position, joint range of motion (ROM) and joint movement variability.ResultsRestricting arm movements resulted in a reduction of joint movement variability and joint ROM of the pelvis during the lateral jump (p <0.05), but increased joint movement variability and joint ROM of the pelvis during the anterior jump (p <0.05).SignificanceThe reduced joint movement variability and joint ROM with restricted arm movements during the lateral jump may represent a potential compensatory ‘stiffenin strategy’, whilst the increase during the anterior jump suggest an exploratory strategy. These novel findings highlight that it is important for children to be introduced to different dynamic task constraints so that they can learn to control and organise the motor system degrees of freedom appropriately. |
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| Keywords: | Balance regulation Upper extremities Arm movements Children Kinematics Dynamic |
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