Ways to produce and measure atto- and femtosecond soft X-ray pulses

The ways to produce and measure atto-and femtosecond soft X-ray pulses are reported. The laser phase relation of high-order harmonic generation(HHG) shows two different radiation energy distribu-tions in time(or laser phase) domain. These energy-phase relations are helpful for realizing the dy-namic processes of HHG. Two presented parameterized formulas can be used to calculate the durations of the energy distributions with a bandwidth of the pulse. These formulas are useful in calculating and simulating pulses transports and interactions with mediums. The time structures of atto-and femto-second soft X-ray pulses can be directly measured with photoelectron spectrum transfer equations and the related laser phase determination methods without any previous pulse shape and the instantane-ous frequency assumptions. These equations and methods can be used to evaluate and improve the technical parameters of the ultra-short X-ray sources. They have wide measurement ranges and high time resolutions,which may enable ultra-fast measurements to reach metrological precisions,and lead to a new tide of scientific researches in physics,chemistry,biochemistry,etc. The application of atto-and femtosecond X-rays as well as the theoretical and technical problems in measurements are briefly discussed.

Ways to produce and measure atto- and femtosecond soft X-ray pulses

The ways to produce and measure atto-and femtosecond soft X-ray pulses are reported. The laser phase relation of high-order harmonic generation(HHG) shows two different radiation energy distribu-tions in time(or laser phase) domain. These energy-phase relations are helpful for realizing the dy-namic processes of HHG. Two presented parameterized formulas can be used to calculate the durations of the energy distributions with a bandwidth of the pulse. These formulas are useful in calculating and simulating pulses transports and interactions with mediums. The time structures of atto-and femto-second soft X-ray pulses can be directly measured with photoelectron spectrum transfer equations and the related laser phase determination methods without any previous pulse shape and the instantane-ous frequency assumptions. These equations and methods can be used to evaluate and improve the technical parameters of the ultra-short X-ray sources. They have wide measurement ranges and high time resolutions,which may enable ultra-fast measurements to reach metrological precisions,and lead to a new tide of scientific researches in physics,chemistry,biochemistry,etc. The application of atto-and femtosecond X-rays as well as the theoretical and technical problems in measurements are briefly discussed.