Influence of the conditions of a solid-state synthesis anode material $$\hbox {Li}_{4}\hbox {Ti}_{5}\hbox {O}_{12 }$$ on its electrochemical properties of lithium cells

Lithium–titanium spinel is a promising electrode material for high power and environmentally friendly batteries. We did research on \(\hbox {Li}_{4}\hbox {Ti}_{5}\hbox {O}_{12 }\) (LTO) samples, which were synthesized via solid-state reaction at various conditions in a temperature range from 800 to \(900{^{\circ }}\hbox {C}\) and they were investigated by XRD, SEM, IS, cyclic voltammetry and the galvanostatic charge–discharge tests. X-ray diffractions show that all of the samples have a spinel structure with Fd-3m space group with a small amount of impurities \(\hbox {TiO}_{2}\) (anatase). Lithium ion batteries with LTO-based electrode exhibit excellent reversible capacity of \(\,\sim 180\hbox { mAh}\hbox { g}^{-1}\) in the current density range from 0.1 to 1 C. As an electrode material for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, LTO-F demonstrates the best rate and cyclic performance from all of the studied samples.